{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:02:52Z","timestamp":1789621372134,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008771","name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["B-1543386-2025-26-01-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-1543386-2025-26-01-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["B-1543386-2025-26-01-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-1543386-2025-26-01-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04sbe6g90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O remains a global threat, particularly the O\/CATHAY topotype in East and Southeast Asia. Because timely access to emerging field isolates can be limited, reverse genetics provides a flexible approach for generating viruses representing selected circulating strains for vaccine matching and efficacy evaluation. Here, we generated O\/CATH\/APQA-V18 and evaluated its suitability for vaccine assessment in pigs. A contemporary Vietnamese O\/CATHAY strain was selected based on viral protein-1 phylogenetic analysis, and its P1 capsid-coding region was incorporated into an O1 Manisa backbone using reverse genetics. The recombinant virus was characterized by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, transmission electron microscopy, and sequence analysis. Two-dimensional virus neutralization tests using sera against O\/PanAsia-2 and O\/Primorsky yielded antigenic relationship values of 0.04 and 0.11, respectively, indicating poor antigenic matching. In vivo, O\/CATH\/APQA-V18 induced clinical signs in unvaccinated pigs, confirming its infectivity and pathogenicity. Vaccinated pigs had low neutralizing antibody titers against O\/CATH\/APQA-V18 before challenge, and only 25% were protected. These findings support O\/CATH\/APQA-V18 as a genetically defined and reproducible experimental virus for vaccine matching and protective efficacy evaluation against contemporary O\/CATHAY viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18091019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:16:48Z","timestamp":1789460208000},"page":"1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a Recombinant O\/CATHAY Topotype Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus as a Resource for Vaccine Matching and Efficacy Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yerin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeo-ksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Health, College of Rehabilitation and Health, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan-si 38610, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yeonrae","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeo-ksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4827-0686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeo-ksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Seo-Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeo-ksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dong-Wan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeo-ksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tae-jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeo-ksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ye-Ji","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4540-0115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Han","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeo-ksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeo-ksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0825-8121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Hyeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeo-ksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jeong-In","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Health, College of Rehabilitation and Health, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan-si 38610, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6966-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyejin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeo-ksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of 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Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101147"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/9\/1019\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:19:09Z","timestamp":1789618749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/9\/1019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v18091019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18091019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}