{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:08:56Z","timestamp":1789474136028,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of non-thermal, human-safe electromagnetic (e.m.) waves in the GHz range to inactivate viruses has been proposed by a few groups. It is allegedly based on a transformation of a microwave photon into a phonon, which would produce a so-called Structure Resonance Energy Transfer (SRET) strong enough to break the capsid due to Confined Acoustic Vibration (CAV) at virus-specific frequencies. However, it is well known that e.m. photons\u2019 absorption in water or in organic media does not generate single phonons at the same frequency. Rather, it generates many thermal phonons across a wide frequency spectrum according to the widely known microwave heating effect, as exploited, inter alia, in the microwave oven. However, there remains interest in proposed usages of non-thermal microwave fields to inactivate respiratory viruses for air sanitization purposes. Hence, this paper poses the question: can human-safe microwave irradiation inactivate viruses?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18091022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:57:34Z","timestamp":1789473454000},"page":"1022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can Non-Thermal Microwave Irradiation Inactivate Viruses? A Review with Some Computations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1805-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaspare","family":"Galati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering (DIE), Tor Vergata University of Rome, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (Italian Interuniversity Consortium for Telecommunications), Research Unit of Rome, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5318-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Pavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering (DIE), Tor Vergata University of Rome, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (Italian Interuniversity Consortium for Telecommunications), Research Unit of Rome, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milton, D.K., Fabian, M.P., Cowling, B.J., Grantham, M.L., and McDevitt, J.J. 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