{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:57:31Z","timestamp":1791190651781,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,2]],"date-time":"2010-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most of the current knowledge on antiretroviral (ARV) drug development and resistance is based on the study of subtype B of HIV-1, which only accounts for 10% of the worldwide HIV infections. Cumulative evidence has emerged that different HIV types, groups and subtypes harbor distinct biological properties, including the response and susceptibility to ARV. Recent laboratory and clinical data highlighting such disparities are summarized in this review. Variations in drug susceptibility, in the emergence and selection of specific drug resistance mutations, in viral replicative capacity and in the dynamics of resistance acquisition under ARV selective pressure are discussed. Clinical responses to ARV therapy and associated confounding factors are also analyzed in the context of infections by distinct HIV genetic variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v2020503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,2]],"date-time":"2010-02-02T11:18:13Z","timestamp":1265109493000},"page":"503-531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["HIV Genetic Diversity and Drug Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Humana, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A, sala A2-120, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, 21949-570, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo A.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Humana, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A, sala A2-120, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, 21949-570, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6601823","article-title":"Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"220","author":"Gallo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"868\u2013871","article-title":"Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"220","author":"Chermann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1789","article-title":"Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains","volume":"288","author":"Korber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07390","article-title":"Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960","volume":"455","author":"Worobey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/KnowledgeCentre\/HIVData\/GlobalReport\/2008\/2008_Global_report.asp."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.1020","article-title":"Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus","volume":"356","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos. 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