{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:08:38Z","timestamp":1762160918399,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,4]],"date-time":"2011-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intermediate filaments (IF) are essential to maintain cellular and nuclear integrity and shape, to manage organelle distribution and motility, to control the trafficking and pH of intracellular vesicles, to prevent stress-induced cell death, and to support the correct distribution of specific proteins. Because of this, IF are likely to be targeted by a variety of pathogens, and may act in favor or against infection progress. As many IF functions remain to be identified, however, little is currently known about these interactions. Herpesviruses can infect a wide variety of cell types, and are thus bound to encounter the different types of IF expressed in each tissue. The analysis of these interrelationships can yield precious insights into how IF proteins work, and into how viruses have evolved to exploit these functions. These interactions, either known or potential, will be the focus of this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v3071015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,4]],"date-time":"2011-07-04T15:06:10Z","timestamp":1309791970000},"page":"1015-1040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Herpesviruses and Intermediate Filaments: Close Encounters with the Third Type"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8057-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Hertel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children\u2019s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38003","article-title":"Dysfunctions of neuronal and glial intermediate filaments in disease","volume":"119","author":"Liem","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38339","article-title":"Introducing intermediate filaments: From discovery to disease","volume":"119","author":"Eriksson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38214","article-title":"Intermediate filaments: Primary determinants of cell architecture and plasticity","volume":"119","author":"Herrmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39894","article-title":"\"IF-pathies\": A broad spectrum of intermediate filament-associated diseases","volume":"119","author":"Omary","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20652","article-title":"The Human Intermediate Filament Database: Comprehensive information on a gene family involved in many human diseases","volume":"29","author":"Szeverenyi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2197","article-title":"Intermediate filaments: From cell architecture to nanomechanics","volume":"8","author":"Herrmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1552107","article-title":"Intermediate filament scaffolds fulfill mechanical, organizational, and signaling functions in the cytoplasm","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2007.11.004","article-title":"Intermediate filament assembly: Dynamics to disease","volume":"18","author":"Godsel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00751-X","article-title":"Cellular regulation of actin network assembly","volume":"10","author":"Amann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/293705a0","article-title":"Microtubule treadmills\u2014Possible molecular machinery","volume":"293","author":"Margolis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10246","article-title":"Molecular architecture of intermediate filaments","volume":"25","author":"Strelkov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1139","article-title":"A NUDEL-dependent mechanism of neurofilament assembly regulates the integrity of CNS neurons","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2006.05.008","article-title":"\"Heads and tails\" of intermediate filament phosphorylation: Multiple sites and functional insights","volume":"31","author":"Omary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2007.04.025","article-title":"Softness, strength and self-repair in intermediate filament networks","volume":"313","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073823","article-title":"Intermediate filaments: Molecular structure, assembly mechanism, and integration into functionally distinct intracellular Scaffolds","volume":"73","author":"Herrmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.068080","article-title":"The keratin-filament cycle of assembly and disassembly","volume":"123","author":"Kolsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.143.1.159","article-title":"Rapid movements of vimentin on microtubule tracks: Kinesin-dependent assembly of intermediate filament networks","volume":"143","author":"Prahlad","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.10.5.1289","article-title":"Intermediate filaments in motion: Observations of intermediate filaments in cells using green fluorescent protein-vimentin","volume":"10","author":"Martys","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.112.21.3799","article-title":"Kinesin-mediated transport of neurofilament protein oligomers in growing axons","volume":"112","author":"Yabe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.20122","article-title":"Dynein mediates retrograde neurofilament transport within axons and anterograde delivery of NFs from perikarya into axons: Regulation by multiple phosphorylation events","volume":"63","author":"Motil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.11.10.3495","article-title":"Bidirectional translocation of neurofilaments along microtubules mediated in part by dynein\/dynactin","volume":"11","author":"Shah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00526","article-title":"Rapid transport of neural intermediate filament protein","volume":"116","author":"Helfand","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.51.3.752","article-title":"The role of three cytoplasmic fibers in BHK-21 cell motility. I. Microtubules and the effects of colchicine","volume":"51","author":"Goldman","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5034","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.10.5034","article-title":"Different intermediate-sized filaments distinguished by immunofluorescence microscopy","volume":"75","author":"Franke","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.970160205","article-title":"Cytoskeletal dynamics in rabbit synovial fibroblasts: I. Effects of acrylamide on intermediate filaments and microfilaments","volume":"16","author":"Aggeler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/291249a0","article-title":"Intermediate filaments in 3T3 cells collapse after intracellular injection of a monoclonal anti-intermediate filament antibody","volume":"291","author":"Klymkowsky","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90514-6","article-title":"Disruption of the in vivo distribution of the intermediate filaments in fibroblasts through the microinjection of a specific monoclonal antibody","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"83","article-title":"Coiling of intermediate filaments induced by microinjection of a vimentin-specific antibody does not interfere with locomotion and mitosis","volume":"26","author":"Gawlitta","year":"1981","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2005.09.004","article-title":"Cellular integrity plus: Organelle-related and protein-targeting functions of intermediate filaments","volume":"15","author":"Toivola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pe53","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.3662006pe53","article-title":"Intermediate filaments as signaling platforms","volume":"2006","author":"Pallari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. STKE"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.107.6.1593","article-title":"The presence or absence of a vimentin-type intermediate filament network affects the shape of the nucleus in human SW-13 cells","volume":"107","author":"Sarria","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(04)74349-0","article-title":"Structural and functional roles of desmin in mouse skeletal muscle during passive deformation","volume":"86","author":"Shah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2009.06.020","article-title":"Dynein is a motor for nuclear rotation while vimentin IFs is a \"brake\"","volume":"33","author":"Gerashchenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., Whitley, R., and Yamanishi, K. (2007). Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy and Immunoprophylaxis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545313"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.478","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus: Why do these human alphaherpesviruses behave so differently from one another?","volume":"15","author":"Mori","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., Whitley, R., and Yamanishi, K. (2007). Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy and Immunoprophylaxis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545313"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"189","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus T cell tropism and the pathogenesis of skin infection","volume":"342","author":"Arvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"63","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus cell tropism","volume":"325","author":"Sinzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-76-4-741","article-title":"Fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells are major targets of human cytomegalovirus infection in lung and gastrointestinal tissues","volume":"76","author":"Sinzger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2208","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus as a direct pathogen: correlation of multiorgan involvement and cell distribution with clinical and pathological findings in a case of congenital inclusion disease","volume":"67","author":"Bissinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2009.02449.x","article-title":"Dendritic cells in cytomegalovirus infection: Viral evasion and host countermeasures","volume":"117","author":"Rolle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399408000872","article-title":"Manipulation of dendritic cell functions by human cytomegalovirus","volume":"10","author":"Sinclair","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10023","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.18.10023-10033.2004","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus UL131\u2013128 genes are indispensable for virus growth in endothelial cells and virus transfer to leukocytes","volume":"78","author":"Hahn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-04-0213","article-title":"Endothelial cells in human cytomegalovirus infection: One host cell out of many or a crucial target for virus spread?","volume":"102","author":"Adler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.2.177","article-title":"The dynamics of human cytomegalovirus replication in vivo","volume":"190","author":"Emery","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.11.014","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus: Latency and reactivation in the myeloid lineage","volume":"41","author":"Sinclair","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.1.217-245.2005","article-title":"Update on human herpesvirus 6 biology, clinical features, and therapy","volume":"18","author":"Naesens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01312.x","article-title":"Recent topics related to human herpesvirus 6 cell tropism","volume":"11","author":"Mori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., Whitley, R., and Yamanishi, K. (2007). Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy and Immunoprophylaxis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545313"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Knipe, D., Howley, P., Griffin, D., Lamb, R., Martin, M., Roizman, B., and Straus, S. (2007). Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., Whitley, R., and Yamanishi, K. (2007). Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy and Immunoprophylaxis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545313"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., Whitley, R., and Yamanishi, K. (2007). Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy and Immunoprophylaxis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545313"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8541","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.15.8541-8547.2003","article-title":"Microtubule network facilitates nuclear targeting of human cytomegalovirus capsid","volume":"77","author":"Tanaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9962","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.19.9962-9971.2002","article-title":"Intact microtubules support adenovirus and herpes simplex virus infections","volume":"76","author":"Mabit","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.2.1191-1206.2005","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus modulates microtubule dynamics via RhoA-GTP-diaphanous 2 signaling and utilizes the dynein motors to deliver its DNA to the nucleus","volume":"79","author":"Naranatt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"351","article-title":"Keratinization of the oral epithelium","volume":"58","author":"Adams","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400038","article-title":"Involvement of the intermediate filament protein cytokeratin-18 in actin pedestal formation during EPEC infection","volume":"5","author":"Batchelor","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2002.00231.x","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor B (ClfB) promotes adherence to human type I cytokeratin 10: Implications for nasal colonization","volume":"4","author":"Walsh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5405","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00717-07","article-title":"The surface protein Srr-1 of Streptococcus agalactiae binds human keratin 4 and promotes adherence to epithelial HEp-2 cells","volume":"75","author":"Samen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01512-0","article-title":"Identification of cytokeratins as accessory mediators of Salmonella entry into eukaryotic cells","volume":"70","author":"Carlson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.4.2129-2134.2000","article-title":"Group B streptococci and other gram-positive cocci bind to cytokeratin 8","volume":"68","author":"Tamura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.2.689-696.2006","article-title":"Defining the cellular target(s) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus blocking monoclonal antibody 7G10","volume":"80","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.1996.9.73","article-title":"Anti-idiotypic antibody to the V3 domain of gp120 binds to vimentin: A possible role of intermediate filaments in the early steps of HIV-1 infection cycle","volume":"9","author":"Thomas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Viral. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9553","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.12.9553-9560.1998","article-title":"Interaction of Theiler's virus with intermediate filaments of infected cells","volume":"72","author":"Nedellec","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10179","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.19.10179-10185.2003","article-title":"Herpesvirus entry: An update","volume":"77","author":"Spear","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.19.5.675-679.1984","article-title":"Pathogenesis of herpes simplex labialis: Excretion of virus in the oral cavity","volume":"19","author":"Spruance","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8484","article-title":"Infection and replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 in an organotypic epithelial culture system","volume":"230","author":"Visalli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.2.710-722.2006","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus entry into epithelial and endothelial cells depends on genes UL128 to UL150 and occurs by endocytosis and low-pH fusion","volume":"80","author":"Ryckman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01910-07","article-title":"Characterization of the human cytomegalovirus gH\/gL\/UL128\u2013131 complex that mediates entry into epithelial and endothelial cells","volume":"82","author":"Ryckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.12.002","article-title":"Entry route of HCMV into endothelial cells","volume":"41","author":"Sinzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11479","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00788-07","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus UL131\u2013128 products promote gB conformational transition and gB-gH interaction during entry into endothelial cells","volume":"81","author":"Patrone","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18153","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509201102","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus virion protein complex required for epithelial and endothelial cell tropism","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10330","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.16.10330-10338.2005","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus UL131 open reading frame is required for epithelial cell tropism","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5324","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.9.5324-5332.2003","article-title":"Roles for endocytosis and low pH in herpes simplex virus entry into HeLa and Chinese hamster ovary cells","volume":"77","author":"Nicola","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7508","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.14.7508-7517.2004","article-title":"Cellular and viral requirements for rapid endocytic entry of herpes simplex virus","volume":"78","author":"Nicola","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7609","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7609-7616.2005","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 enters human epidermal keratinocytes, but not neurons, via a pH-dependent endocytic pathway","volume":"79","author":"Nicola","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.6.3409-3414.1992","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus enters B cells and epithelial cells by different routes","volume":"66","author":"Miller","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3390\/v3040336","article-title":"Actin in Herpesvirus Infection","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"241","article-title":"Cytoskeleton involvement during human cytomegalovirus replicative cycle in human embryo fibroblasts","volume":"23","author":"Arcangeletti","year":"2000","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"304","article-title":"Cytoskeletal disruption during human cytomegalovirus infection of human lung fibroblasts","volume":"41","author":"Jones","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01315066","article-title":"Actin distribution and synthesis in human fibroblasts infected by cytomegalovirus","volume":"71","author":"Losse","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6483","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02462-09","article-title":"RASCAL is a new human cytomegalovirus-encoded protein that localizes to the nuclear lamina and in cytoplasmic vesicles at late times postinfection","volume":"84","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7015","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00398-09","article-title":"Onset of human cytomegalovirus replication in fibroblasts requires the presence of an intact vimentin cytoskeleton","volume":"83","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-67-1-97","article-title":"Organization of cytoskeleton elements during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of human fibroblasts: An immunofluorescence study","volume":"67","author":"Norrild","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01313722","article-title":"Microtubules and intermediate filaments of herpes simplex virus infected cells","volume":"94","author":"Dienes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01718-08","article-title":"Herpesvirus interactions with the host cytoskeleton","volume":"83","author":"Lyman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01334-09","article-title":"Early events in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of target cells","volume":"84","author":"Chandran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050707","article-title":"Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection induces alterations in the cytoskeleton of vero cells but not apoptosis","volume":"144","author":"Walter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1159\/000085100","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus infection influences expression and organization of actin and alpha-tubulin but does not affect lamin A and vimentin","volume":"48","author":"Kuhn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90200-9","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus penetrates host cells by pH-independent fusion at the cell surface","volume":"191","author":"Compton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2007.03.040","article-title":"Novel functions of vimentin in cell adhesion, migration, and signaling","volume":"313","author":"Ivaska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600847","article-title":"PKCepsilon-mediated phosphorylation of vimentin controls integrin recycling and motility","volume":"24","author":"Ivaska","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15470","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406821101","article-title":"Cellular integrins function as entry receptors for human cytomegalovirus via a highly conserved disintegrin-like domain","volume":"101","author":"Feire","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1236","article-title":"Integrin alphavbeta3 is a coreceptor for human cytomegalovirus","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"85","article-title":"Virus entry and innate immune activation","volume":"325","author":"Isaacson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00628-1","article-title":"Integrin alpha3beta1 (CD 49c\/29) is a cellular receptor for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV\/HHV-8) entry into the target cells","volume":"108","author":"Akula","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12126","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01146-08","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus forms a multimolecular complex of integrins (alphaVbeta5, alphaVbeta3, and alpha3beta1) and CD98-xCT during infection of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, and CD98-xCT is essential for the postentry stage of infection","volume":"82","author":"Veettil","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20464","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907508106","article-title":"Fusion of epithelial cells by Epstein-Barr virus proteins is triggered by binding of viral glycoproteins gHgL to integrins alphavbeta6 or alphavbeta8","volume":"106","author":"Chesnokova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.970020607","article-title":"The intracellular movement of endocytic vesicles in cultured granulosa cells","volume":"2","author":"Herman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell Motil."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2006.00509.x","article-title":"Cytoskeleton and vesicle mobility in astrocytes","volume":"8","author":"Potokar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2005.00286.x","article-title":"Intermediate filaments and vesicular membrane traffic: the odd couple's first dance?","volume":"6","author":"Styers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7978","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.14.7978-7990.2003","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) infection of human fibroblast cells occurs through endocytosis","volume":"77","author":"Akula","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5369","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e04-03-0272","article-title":"The endo-lysosomal sorting machinery interacts with the intermediate filament cytoskeleton","volume":"15","author":"Styers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2004.02.002","article-title":"Adaptable adaptors for coated vesicles","volume":"14","author":"Robinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80519-X","article-title":"Mutation in AP-3 delta in the mocha mouse links endosomal transport to storage deficiency in platelets, melanosomes, and synaptic vesicles","volume":"21","author":"Kantheti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25430","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M402331200","article-title":"AP-3-dependent mechanisms control the targeting of a chloride channel (ClC-3) in neuronal and non-neuronal cells","volume":"279","author":"Salazar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1483","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00504.2001","article-title":"The ClC-3 chloride channel promotes acidification of lysosomes in CHO-K1 and Huh-7 cells","volume":"282","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.018002","article-title":"The ClC-3 Cl-\/H+ antiporter becomes uncoupled at low extracellular pH","volume":"285","author":"Matsuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8147","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.14.8147-8152.2003","article-title":"Characterization of entry mechanisms of human herpesvirus 8 by using an Rta-dependent reporter cell line","volume":"77","author":"Inoue","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(84)90102-8","article-title":"Early events in the infection of human B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus: The internalization process","volume":"132","author":"Nemerow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0335-0_12","article-title":"Structural aspects of autophagy","volume":"389","author":"Seglen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01358-08","article-title":"The unfolded protein response and autophagy: Herpesviruses rule!","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01718-08","article-title":"Herpesvirus interactions with the host cytoskeleton","volume":"83","author":"Lyman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.06.045","article-title":"Bidirectional transport along microtubules","volume":"14","author":"Welte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200702026","article-title":"A novel role for the nuclear membrane protein emerin in association of the centrosome to the outer nuclear membrane","volume":"178","author":"Salpingidou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2064","article-title":"Plexin-A2 and its ligand, Sema6A, control nucleus-centrosome coupling in migrating granule cells","volume":"11","author":"Renaud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.136.5.1007","article-title":"Microtubule-mediated transport of incoming herpes simplex virus 1 capsids to the nucleus","volume":"136","author":"Sodeik","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2009.10.017","article-title":"Three-dimensional visualization of gammaherpesvirus life cycle in host cells by electron tomography","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4922","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.13.4922-4931.2000","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 entry into host cells: reconstitution of capsid binding and uncoating at the nuclear pore complex in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Ojala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02705","article-title":"The genome of HSV-1 translocates through the nuclear pore as a condensed rod-like structure","volume":"119","author":"Shahin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01139-08","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus replication: Roles of viral proteins and nucleoporins in capsid-nucleus attachment","volume":"83","author":"Copeland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90213-I","article-title":"Network antibodies identify nuclear lamin B as a physiological attachment site for peripherin intermediate filaments","volume":"64","author":"Djabali","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.105.1.117","article-title":"Lamin B constitutes an intermediate filament attachment site at the nuclear envelope","volume":"105","author":"Georgatos","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.19.6780","article-title":"Binding of two desmin derivatives to the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope of avian erythrocytes: evidence for a conserved site-specificity in intermediate filament-membrane interactions","volume":"84","author":"Georgatos","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90446-9","article-title":"The nuclear matrix: Three-dimensional architecture and protein composition","volume":"29","author":"Capco","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1768-322X.1987.tb00531.x","article-title":"Connections of intermediate filaments with the nuclear lamina and the cell periphery","volume":"59","author":"Katsuma","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"282","article-title":"Filamentous cross-bridges link intermediate filaments to the nuclear pore complexes","volume":"45","author":"Cidadao","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0354(89)90009-9","article-title":"Interaction of intermediate filaments with nuclear lamina and cell periphery","volume":"2","author":"French","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electron. Microsc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1039\/b703878j","article-title":"Communication between the cytoskeleton and the nuclear envelope to position the nucleus","volume":"3","author":"Starr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100109-104037","article-title":"Interactions between nuclei and the cytoskeleton are mediated by SUN-KASH nuclear-envelope bridges","volume":"26","author":"Starr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.3.849","article-title":"Demonstration of mechanical connections between integrins, cytoskeletal filaments, and nucleoplasm that stabilize nuclear structure","volume":"94","author":"Maniotis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"377","article-title":"Intermediate filaments and gene regulation","volume":"27","author":"Traub","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.05697.x","article-title":"Gene silencing at the nuclear periphery","volume":"274","author":"Shaklai","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2009.01.003","article-title":"A-type nuclear lamins act as transcriptional repressors when targeted to promoters","volume":"315","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02521","article-title":"The nuclear-envelope protein and transcriptional repressor LAP2beta interacts with HDAC3 at the nuclear periphery, and induces histone H4 deacetylation","volume":"118","author":"Somech","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kve199","article-title":"Histones H3\/H4 form a tight complex with the inner nuclear membrane protein LBR and heterochromatin protein 1","volume":"2","author":"Polioudaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.632","article-title":"Chromatinisation of herpesvirus genomes","volume":"20","author":"Paulus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, L., Cliffe, A., Chang, L., and Knipe, D.M. (2008). Role for A-type lamins in herpesviral DNA targeting and heterochromatin modulation. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000071"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20578","article-title":"Keratin mutation primes mouse liver to oxidative injury","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi248","article-title":"Gene expression analysis in mice with elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein and Rosenthal fibers reveals a stress response followed by glial activation and neuronal dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Hagemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.124.5.827","article-title":"Inhibition of desmin expression blocks myoblast fusion and interferes with the myogenic regulators MyoD and myogenin","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.2.1268-1280.2003","article-title":"Microarray analysis of host cell gene transcription in response to varicella-zoster virus infection of human T cells and fibroblasts in vitro and SCIDhu skin xenografts in vivo","volume":"77","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7563","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.13.7563-7574.2003","article-title":"Susceptibility of immature and mature Langerhans cell-type dendritic cells to infection and immunomodulation by human cytomegalovirus","volume":"77","author":"Hertel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02161-09","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection causes premature and abnormal differentiation of human neural progenitor cells","volume":"84","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornelissen, M., van der Kuyl, A.C., van den Burg, R., Zorgdrager, F., van Noesel, C.J., and Goudsmit, J. (2003). Gene expression profile of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. BMC Cancer, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-3-7"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"3183","article-title":"Soft and hard keratin expression in Epstein-Barr-virus-associated gastric carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Uozaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11289","article-title":"Upregulation of the truncated basic hair keratin 1(hHb1-DeltaN) in carcinoma cells by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)","volume":"107","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.9.4079-4084.1989","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus latent infection membrane protein increases vimentin expression in human B-cell lines","volume":"63","author":"Birkenbach","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-3-361","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 6 induces expression of the EBV latent membrane protein and an activated phenotype in Raji cells","volume":"74","author":"Allday","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1317","article-title":"Modulation of vimentin, the CD40 activation antigen and Burkitt's lymphoma antigen (CD77) by the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen EBNA-4","volume":"202","author":"Silins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.7.3489-3501.2004","article-title":"Transcriptional response of a common permissive cell type to infection by two diverse alphaherpesviruses","volume":"78","author":"Ray","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17031","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.252588599","article-title":"The patterns of accumulation of cellular RNAs in cells infected with a wild-type and a mutant herpes simplex virus 1 lacking the virion host shutoff gene","volume":"99","author":"Taddeo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.03.018","article-title":"Herpesvirus assembly: An update","volume":"143","author":"Mettenleiter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.643","article-title":"Escape of herpesviruses from the nucleus","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., Whitley, R., and Yamanishi, K. (2007). Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy and Immunoprophylaxis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545313"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00676.x","article-title":"Nuclear lamins: Key regulators of nuclear structure and activities","volume":"13","author":"Prokocimer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8818","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.18.8818-8830.2001","article-title":"Fate of the inner nuclear membrane protein lamin B receptor and nuclear lamins in herpes simplex virus type 1 infection","volume":"75","author":"Scott","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.1.494-504.2006","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection induces activation and recruitment of protein kinase C to the nuclear membrane and increased phosphorylation of lamin B","volume":"80","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5564","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.11.5564-5575.2004","article-title":"Conformational changes in the nuclear lamina induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 require genes U(L)31 and U(L)34","volume":"78","author":"Reynolds","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.11.5591-5600.2004","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 1 U(L)31 and U(L)34 gene products promote the late maturation of viral replication compartments to the nuclear periphery","volume":"78","author":"Baines","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02354-06","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus infection induces phosphorylation and delocalization of emerin, a key inner nuclear membrane protein","volume":"81","author":"Morris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10792","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00196-07","article-title":"Emerin is hyperphosphorylated and redistributed in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells in a manner dependent on both UL34 and US3","volume":"81","author":"Leach","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6459","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00380-07","article-title":"US3 of herpes simplex virus type 1 encodes a promiscuous protein kinase that phosphorylates and alters localization of lamin A\/C in infected cells","volume":"81","author":"Mou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.06.051","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 2 UL13 protein kinase disrupts nuclear lamins","volume":"392","author":"Wylie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-6-1423","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 2 UL34 protein requires UL31 protein for its relocation to the internal nuclear membrane in transfected cells","volume":"82","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12840","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.20.12840-12851.2005","article-title":"Identification and functional evaluation of cellular and viral factors involved in the alteration of nuclear architecture during herpes simplex virus 1 infection","volume":"79","author":"Colgrove","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.11.053","article-title":"Roles for herpes simplex virus type 1 UL34 and US3 proteins in disrupting the nuclear lamina during herpes simplex virus type 1 egress","volume":"347","author":"Bjerke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.3.1476-1486.2006","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 1-encoded protein kinase UL13 phosphorylates viral Us3 protein kinase and regulates nuclear localization of viral envelopment factors UL34 and UL31","volume":"80","author":"Kato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.07.002","article-title":"Significance of host cell kinases in herpes simplex virus type 1 egress and lamin-associated protein disassembly from the nuclear lamina","volume":"406","author":"Leach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8094","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00874-08","article-title":"Effects of lamin A\/C, lamin B1, and viral US3 kinase activity on viral infectivity, virion egress, and the targeting of herpes simplex virus U(L)34-encoded protein to the inner nuclear membrane","volume":"82","author":"Mou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2007.03.012","article-title":"Proteins that associate with lamins: Many faces, many functions","volume":"313","author":"Schirmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1652708","article-title":"Nuclear lamins: major factors in the structural organization and function of the nucleus and chromatin","volume":"22","author":"Dechat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.2.1071-1083.2005","article-title":"Impairment of nuclear pores in bovine herpesvirus 1-infected MDBK cells","volume":"79","author":"Wild","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"799","article-title":"Mouse cytomegalovirus infection. An electron microscopic study of hepatic parenchymal cells","volume":"44","author":"Ruebner","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-65-11-1979","article-title":"An ultrastructural investigation of cytomegalovirus replication in murine hepatocytes","volume":"65","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"17","article-title":"Human bone marrow fibroblasts infected by cytomegalovirus: ultrastructural observations","volume":"32","author":"Gilloteaux","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01321005","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus morphogenesis: an ultrastructural study of the late cytoplasmic phases","volume":"98","author":"Severi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01564-06","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus primary envelopment occurs at large infoldings of the inner nuclear membrane","volume":"81","author":"Buser","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071506","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus recruitment of cellular kinases to dissolve the nuclear lamina","volume":"297","author":"Muranyi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.005231-0","article-title":"Cytomegaloviral proteins that associate with the nuclear lamina: Components of a postulated nuclear egress complex","volume":"90","author":"Milbradt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13979","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.063628","article-title":"Novel mode of phosphorylation-triggered reorganization of the nuclear lamina during nuclear egress of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"285","author":"Milbradt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33357","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M502672200","article-title":"Cellular p32 recruits cytomegalovirus kinase pUL97 to redistribute the nuclear lamina","volume":"280","author":"Marschall","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01311120","article-title":"Alteration of nuclear lamina protein in human fibroblasts infected with cytomegalovirus (HCMV)","volume":"105","author":"Radsak","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83377-0","article-title":"Remodelling of the nuclear lamina during human cytomegalovirus infection: Role of the viral proteins pUL50 and pUL53","volume":"89","author":"Camozzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamirally, S., Kamil, J.P., Ndassa-Colday, Y.M., Lin, A.J., Jahng, W.J., Baek, M.C., Noton, S., Silva, L.A., Simpson-Holley, M., and Knipe, D.M. (2009). Viral mimicry of Cdc2\/cyclin-dependent kinase 1 mediates disruption of nuclear lamina during human cytomegalovirus nuclear egress. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000275"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82924-0","article-title":"Cytomegaloviral proteins pUL50 and pUL53 are associated with the nuclear lamina and interact with cellular protein kinase C","volume":"88","author":"Milbradt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.615","article-title":"Function of human cytomegalovirus UL97 kinase in viral infection and its inhibition by maribavir","volume":"19","author":"Prichard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.402","article-title":"Protein kinases conserved in herpesviruses potentially share a function mimicking the cellular protein kinase cdc2","volume":"13","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90471-P","article-title":"In vitro disassembly of the nuclear lamina and M phase-specific phosphorylation of lamins by cdc2 kinase","volume":"61","author":"Peter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11988","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.21.11988-12011.2004","article-title":"Global analysis of host cell gene expression late during cytomegalovirus infection reveals extensive dysregulation of cell cycle gene expression and induction of Pseudomitosis independent of US28 function","volume":"78","author":"Hertel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertel, L., Chou, S., and Mocarski, E.S. (2007). Viral and cell cycle-regulated kinases in cytomegalovirus-induced pseudomitosis and replication. PLoS Pathog., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030006"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.2.828-832.1989","article-title":"Localization of Epstein-Barr virus envelope glycoproteins on the inner nuclear membrane of virus-producing cells","volume":"63","author":"Torrisi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.7.3235-3244.2000","article-title":"The BFRF1 gene of Epstein-Barr virus encodes a novel protein","volume":"74","author":"Farina","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.6.3703-3712.2005","article-title":"BFRF1 of Epstein-Barr virus is essential for efficient primary viral envelopment and egress","volume":"79","author":"Farina","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.6.3713-3727.2005","article-title":"Characterization and intracellular localization of the Epstein-Barr virus protein BFLF2: Interactions with BFRF1 and with the nuclear lamina","volume":"79","author":"Gonnella","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11913","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01100-08","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus BGLF4 kinase induces disassembly of the nuclear lamina to facilitate virion production","volume":"82","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-68-3-737","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus-induced changes of the keratin type intermediate filament in rat epithelial cells","volume":"68","author":"Forchhammer","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02755.x","article-title":"Phosphorylation of cytokeratin 17 by herpes simplex virus type 2 US3 protein kinase","volume":"46","author":"Murata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010611408007","article-title":"Effects of desmin gene knockout on mice heart mitochondria","volume":"33","author":"Linden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.150.6.1283","article-title":"Desmin cytoskeleton linked to muscle mitochondrial distribution and respiratory function","volume":"150","author":"Milner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.23.2837","article-title":"Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease neurofilament mutations disrupt neurofilament assembly and axonal transport","volume":"11","author":"Brownlees","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2007.03.005","article-title":"Structural and regulatory functions of keratins","volume":"313","author":"Magin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7842","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00309-09","article-title":"The nucleoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus facilitates spread of persistent infection through stabilization of the keratin network","volume":"83","author":"Labudova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/3\/7\/1015\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:39Z","timestamp":1760219799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/3\/7\/1015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,4]]},"references-count":203,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v3071015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v3071015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,4]]}}}