{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:12:58Z","timestamp":1791238378091,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":240,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,12]],"date-time":"2011-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1310428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human T-lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infects approximately 15 to 20 million people worldwide, with endemic areas in Japan, the Caribbean, and Africa. The virus is spread through contact with bodily fluids containing infected cells, most often from mother to child through breast milk or via blood transfusion. After prolonged latency periods, approximately 3 to 5% of HTLV-1 infected individuals will develop either adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATL), or other lymphocyte-mediated disorders such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). The genome of this complex retrovirus contains typical gag, pol, and env genes, but also unique nonstructural proteins encoded from the pX region. These nonstructural genes encode the Tax and Rex regulatory proteins, as well as novel proteins essential for viral spread in vivo such as, p30, p12, p13 and the antisense encoded HBZ. While progress has been made in the understanding of viral determinants of cell transformation and host immune responses, host and viral determinants of HTLV-1 transmission and spread during the early phases of infection are unclear. Improvements in the molecular tools to test these viral determinants in cellular and animal models have provided new insights into the early events of HTLV-1 infection. This review will focus on studies that test HTLV-1 determinants in context to full length infectious clones of the virus providing insights into the mechanisms of transmission and spread of HTLV-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v3071131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,12]],"date-time":"2011-07-12T10:35:37Z","timestamp":1310466937000},"page":"1131-1165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Molecular Determinants of Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Transmission and Spread"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Lairmore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajaneesh","family":"Anupam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Haines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashade A. H.","family":"Haynes II","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Ratner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Pathology, and Molecular Microbiology, Division of Biology and Biological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8069, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick L.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2010.01820.x","article-title":"Ethnoepidemiology of HTLV-1 related diseases: Ethnic determinants of HTLV-1 susceptibility and its worldwide dispersal","volume":"102","author":"Sonoda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V74.7.2585.2585","article-title":"Serological confirmation of human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection in healthy blood and plasma donors","volume":"74","author":"Anderson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202063260604","article-title":"Seroprevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 among intravenous drug users and persons in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"326","author":"Khabbaz","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"474","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type-I","volume":"76","author":"Hino","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"674","article-title":"Milk-borne transmission of HTLV-I from carrier mothers to their children","volume":"78","author":"Kinoshita","year":"1987","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314033","article-title":"Transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 from a patient with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis and an asymptomatic carrier to rabbits","volume":"118","author":"Minagawa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02867.x","article-title":"Donor screening for human T-cell lymphotrophic virus 1\/2: Changing paradigms for changing testing capacity","volume":"10","author":"Kaul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"S68","article-title":"Intervention of maternal transmission of HTLV-1 in Nagasaki, Japan","volume":"8","author":"Hino","year":"1994","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/imammb\/20.1.29","article-title":"Population dynamics of HTLV-I infection: A discrete-time mathematical epidemic model approach","volume":"20","author":"Eshima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Math. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1745","article-title":"Cell-free HTLV-1 infects dendritic cells leading to transmission and transformation of CD4(+) T cells","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080115","article-title":"Spread of HTLV-I between lymphocytes by virus-induced polarization of the cytoskeleton","volume":"299","author":"Igakura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majorovits, E., Nejmeddine, M., Tanaka, Y., Taylor, G.P., Fuller, S.D., and Bangham, C.R. (2008). Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 visualized at the virological synapse by electron tomography. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002251"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29653","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M502639200","article-title":"HTLV-1 tax protein triggers microtubule reorientation in the virological synapse","volume":"280","author":"Nejmeddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Van, P.N., Gold, H., Andresen, V., Schwartz, O., Jones, K., Ruscetti, F., Lockett, S., Gudla, P., Venzon, D., and Franchini, G. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 p8 protein increases cellular conduits and virus transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2010."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2065","article-title":"Biofilm-like extracellular viral assemblies mediate HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission at virological synapses","volume":"16","author":"Sachse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6047","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208979","article-title":"Natural history of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma and approaches to therapy","volume":"24","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2007.00456.x","article-title":"Pathological features of diseases associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type I","volume":"98","author":"Ohshima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/107327480701400206","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type I induces adult T-cell leukemia: From clinical aspects to molecular mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Yasunaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2007.01016.x","article-title":"Treatment of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: Past, present, and future","volume":"80","author":"Ishitsuka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00063-09","article-title":"Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated diseases","volume":"23","author":"Goncalves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.548","article-title":"Leukaemogenic mechanism of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I","volume":"17","author":"Yasunaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"336","article-title":"HTLV-1 and associated adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"7","author":"Mahieux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1201906","article-title":"Persistent oligoclonal expansion of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infected circulating cells in patients with Tropical spastic paraparesis\/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy","volume":"17","author":"Cavrois","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.2.1083-1089.2001","article-title":"Two-step nature of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 replication in experimentally infected squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)","volume":"75","author":"Mortreux","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.537","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and leukemic transformation: viral infectivity, Tax, HBZ and therapy","volume":"30","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-71","article-title":"The HBZ gene, a key player in HTLV-1 pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92734-5","article-title":"Antibodies to human T lymphotropic virus type 1 in patients with tropical spastic paresis","volume":"2","author":"Gessain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91298-5","article-title":"HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity","volume":"i","author":"Osame","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.15","article-title":"Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and human diseases. [Review] [134 refs]","volume":"15","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annual. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.167155","article-title":"The neurology of HTLV-1 infection","volume":"9","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890009002030","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"32","author":"Nakamura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200312000-00016","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection","volume":"14","author":"Buggage","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04568.x","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations associated with HTLV-1 infection","volume":"49","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3960\/jslrt.50.1","article-title":"HTLV-1 and the host immune system: How the virus disrupts immune regulation, leading to HTLV-1 associated diseases","volume":"50","author":"Satou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hematop."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5938","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208973","article-title":"Transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation of HTLV-1","volume":"24","author":"Kashanchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.2741\/2163","article-title":"HTLV-1 Tax and adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Giam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front Biosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2009.09.002","article-title":"The HTLV-1 Tax protein: Revealing mechanisms of transcriptional activation through histone acetylation and nucleosome disassembly","volume":"1799","author":"Nyborg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1277","article-title":"Expression and characterization of proteins produced by mRNAs spliced into the X region of the human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type II","volume":"209","author":"Ciminale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S220","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199600001-00033","article-title":"Coding potential of the X region of human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type II","volume":"13","author":"Ciminale","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.5.2495-2505.2006","article-title":"A novel alternative splicing isoform of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 bZIP factor (HBZ-SI) targets distinct subnuclear localization","volume":"80","author":"Murata","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-316463","article-title":"Kinetics and intracellular compartmentalization of HTLV-1 gene expression: nuclear retention of HBZ mRNA","volume":"117","author":"Rende","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02383-10","article-title":"Gag localization and virus-like particle release mediated by the matrix domain of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 gag are less dependent on phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate than those mediated by the matrix domain of HIV-1 gag","volume":"85","author":"Inlora","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6636","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.12.6636-6648.2004","article-title":"Late assembly motifs of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and their relative roles in particle release","volume":"78","author":"Heidecker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3634-3643.2006","article-title":"Role of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 PTAP motif in Gag targeting and particle release","volume":"80","author":"Dorweiler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9769","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00642-07","article-title":"The role of WWP1-Gag interaction and Gag ubiquitination in assembly and release of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"81","author":"Heidecker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.3.1860-1867.1999","article-title":"Multiple functions for the basic amino acids of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 matrix protein in viral transmission","volume":"73","author":"Leblanc","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.02.043","article-title":"Phosphorylation of the HTLV-1 matrix L-domain-containing protein by virus-associated ERK-2 kinase","volume":"349","author":"Hemonnot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1581","article-title":"Construction and characterization of infectious human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 molecular clones","volume":"204","author":"Kimata","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10129","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01169-08","article-title":"Retroviral nucleocapsid proteins display non-equivalent levels of nucleic acid chaperone activity","volume":"82","author":"Cruceanu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.051334","article-title":"C-terminal domain modulates the nucleic acid chaperone activity of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein via an electrostatic mechanism","volume":"285","author":"Qualley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609444104","article-title":"Resistance of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 to APOBEC3G restriction is mediated by elements in nucleocapsid","volume":"104","author":"Derse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2006.04.056","article-title":"Evaluations of substrate specificity and inhibition at PR\/p3 cleavage site of HTLV-1 protease","volume":"16","author":"Naka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207780618849","article-title":"The protease of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 is a potential therapeutic target","volume":"13","author":"Tozser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6731","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02752-06","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 integration target sites in the human genome: comparison with those of other retroviruses","volume":"81","author":"Derse","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.12.3618","article-title":"Human adult T-cell leukemia virus: Complete nucleotide sequence of the provirus genome integrated in leukemia cell DNA","volume":"80","author":"Seiki","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"29","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence analysis of a provirus derived from HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM)","volume":"5","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Haseltine, W.A., and Wongstaal, F. (1991). Genetic Structure and Regulation of HIV, Raven Press, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(84)90170-3","article-title":"Identification of gag and env gene products of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)","volume":"136","author":"Hattori","year":"1984","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.12.3856","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus-associated membrane antigens: identity of the major antigens recognized after virus infection","volume":"81","author":"Lee","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199600001-00015","article-title":"The HTLV-I envelope glycoproteins: Structure and functions","volume":"13","author":"Delamarre","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.3.716","article-title":"Neutralizing activity and antibody reactivity toward immunogenic regions of the human T cell leukemia virus type I surface glycoprotein in sera of infected patients with different clinical states","volume":"175","author":"Portail","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6323","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.10.6323-6331.1994","article-title":"Induction of antibody responses that neutralize human T- cell leukemia virus type I infection in vitro and in vivo by peptide immunization","volume":"68","author":"Tanaka","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.6.3544-3549.1994","article-title":"Identification of functional regions in the human T-cell leukemia virus type I SU glycoprotein","volume":"68","author":"Delamarre","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(01)00278-7","article-title":"HTLV-1 structural proteins","volume":"78","author":"Le","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.1.259-266.1997","article-title":"A novel human T-Leukemia virus type 1 cell-to-cell transmission assay permits definition of SU glycoprotein amino acids important for infectivity","volume":"71","author":"Delamarre","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7180","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.10.7180-7186.1997","article-title":"The ectodomain of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 TM glycoprotein is involved in postfusion events","volume":"71","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01853-09","article-title":"Opposing effects of a tyrosine-based sorting motif and a PDZ-binding motif regulate human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 envelope trafficking","volume":"84","author":"Ilinskaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01266","article-title":"Human Dlg protein binds to the envelope glycoproteins of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and regulates envelope mediated cell-cell fusion in T lymphocytes","volume":"117","author":"Blot","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-008-0234-0","article-title":"Knockdown of synapse-associated protein Dlg1 reduces syncytium formation induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"37","author":"Yoshida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9553","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.19.9553-9559.2001","article-title":"Characterization of envelope glycoprotein mutants for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infectivity and immortalization","volume":"75","author":"Tsukahara","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1076","article-title":"In vivo analysis of replication and immunogenicity of proviral clones of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 with selective envelope surface-unit mutations","volume":"106","author":"Silverman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8317","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.17.8317-8328.2001","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 receptor expression among syncytium- resistant cell lines revealed by a novel surface glycoprotein- immunoadhesin","volume":"75","author":"Jassal","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(03)00048-0","article-title":"Binding of HTLV-1 virions to T cells occurs by a temperature and calcium-dependent process and is blocked by certain type 2 adenosine receptor antagonists","volume":"93","author":"Hague","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-09-2681","article-title":"The HTLV receptor is an early T-cell activation marker whose expression requires de novo protein synthesis","volume":"101","author":"Manel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9922","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.18.9922-9930.2003","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein gp46 interacts with cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans","volume":"77","author":"Pinon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02190.x","article-title":"Novel biomarker of HTLV-1-associated disease: Specific appearance of antibody recognizing the receptor-binding site on HTLV-1 envelope protein","volume":"95","author":"Sagara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208972","article-title":"HTLV-1 tropism and envelope receptor","volume":"24","author":"Manel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.10.4771-4780.2006","article-title":"DC-SIGN facilitates fusion of dendritic cells with human T-cell leukemia virus Type 1-infected cells","volume":"80","author":"Ceccaldi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8291","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00389-06","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 use different receptor complexes to enter T cells","volume":"80","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6844","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02719-05","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 is involved in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 entry","volume":"80","author":"Ghez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.05.003","article-title":"GLUT-1-independent infection of the glioblastoma\/astroglioma U87 cells by the human T cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"353","author":"Jin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01522-06","article-title":"GLUT1 is not the primary binding receptor but is associated with cell-to-cell transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"81","author":"Takenouchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12692","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.20.12692-12702.2005","article-title":"Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate attachment and entry of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 virions into CD4+ T cells","volume":"79","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-117","article-title":"Distinct functions of HTLV-1 Tax1 from HTLV-2 Tax2 contribute key roles to viral pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Higuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.9960","article-title":"Molecular interactions between HTLV-1 Tax protein and the NF-kappa B\/kappa B transcription complex. [Review] [77 refs]","volume":"214","author":"Hiscott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1532\/IJH97.07087","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax and cellular transformation","volume":"86","author":"Peloponese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/318571a0","article-title":"Identification of the gene responsible for human T-cell leukaemia virus transcriptional regulation","volume":"318","author":"Cann","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2992082","article-title":"The pX Protein of HTLV-1 is a Transcriptional Activator of its Long Terminal Repeats","volume":"229","author":"Felber","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.8.2277","article-title":"Functional activation of the long terminal repeat of human T-cell leukemia virus type I by a trans-acting factor","volume":"82","author":"Fujisawa","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6330891","article-title":"Trans-acting transcriptional activation of the long terminal repeat of human T lymphotropic viruses in infected cells","volume":"223","author":"Sodroski","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5052","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.9.5052","article-title":"An exposed KID-like domain in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax is responsible for the recruitment of coactivators CBP\/p300","volume":"18","author":"Harrod","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.15.7070","article-title":"Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) transcriptional activator, Tax, enhances CREB binding to HTLV-I 21-base-pair repeats by protein-protein interaction","volume":"89","author":"Zhao","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11852","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.16.11852","article-title":"p300 and p300\/cAMP-responsive element-binding protein associated factor interact with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 Tax in a multi- histone acetyltransferase\/activator-enhancer complex","volume":"275","author":"Harrod","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8136","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.12.8136","article-title":"PCAF interacts with tax and stimulates tax transactivation in a histone acetyltransferase-independent manner","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/376602a0","article-title":"Recognition of bZIP proteins by the human T-cell leukaemia virus transactivator Tax","volume":"376","author":"Perini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90437-5","article-title":"Evidence for aberrant activation of the interleukin-2 autocrine loop by HTLV-1-encoded p40x and T3\/Ti complex triggering","volume":"48","author":"Maruyama","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)41998-9","article-title":"Transactivation of the c-myc promoter by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 tax is mediated by NFkB","volume":"267","author":"Duyao","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.3.1975-1983.1997","article-title":"Transrepression of lck gene expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-encoded p40(tax)","volume":"71","author":"Lemasson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.1.275.013k43_275_281","article-title":"Bcl-X(L) is up-regulated by HTLV-I and HTLV-II in vitro and in ex vivo ATLL samples","volume":"96","author":"Nicot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7981","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.7981-7987.1999","article-title":"Induction of Bcl-x(L) expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax through NF-kappaB in apoptosis-resistant T-cell transfectants with Tax","volume":"73","author":"Tsukahara","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1029","article-title":"HTLV-1 tax enhances NF-kappa B2 expression and binds to the products p52 and p100, but does not suppress the inhibitory function of p100","volume":"206","author":"Murakami","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"S51","article-title":"Mechanism of transcriptional activation of viral and cellular genes by oncogenic protein of HTLV-1","volume":"8","author":"Yoshida","year":"1994","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"7377","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax activation of NF- kappa B\/Rel involves phosphorylation and degradation of I kappa B alpha and RelA (p65)-mediated induction of the c- rel gene","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.1.192-198.2001","article-title":"Reciprocal interactions between human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and prostaglandins: implications for viral transmission","volume":"75","author":"Moriuchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.2.931","article-title":"Tax-inducible production of CC chemokine ligand 22 by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected T cells promotes preferential transmission of HTLV-1 to CCR4-expressing CD4+ T cells","volume":"180","author":"Hieshima","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2850","article-title":"Engagement of specific T cell surface molecules regulates cytoskeletal polarization in HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes","volume":"106","author":"Barnard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7118","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00409-06","article-title":"Induction of lactoferrin gene expression in myeloid or mammary gland cells by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) tax: Implications for milk-borne transmission of HTLV-1","volume":"80","author":"Moriuchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1753","article-title":"HTLV-1 Rex protein accumulates unspliced RNA in the nucleus as well as in cytoplasm","volume":"6","author":"Inoue","year":"1991","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.60.2.394-399.1986","article-title":"A single species of pX mRNA of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 encodes trans-activator p40x and two other phosphoproteins","volume":"60","author":"Nagashima","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2741\/1539","article-title":"The human T-cell leukemia virus rex protein","volume":"10","author":"Younis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(86)81108-5","article-title":"The second pX product p27 chi-III of HTLV-1 is required for gag gene expression","volume":"209","author":"Inoue","year":"1986","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.8.4408-4413.1991","article-title":"Functional analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 rex-response element: Direct RNA binding of Rex protein correlates with in vivo activity","volume":"65","author":"Ballaun","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8627","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.11.8627-8635.1998","article-title":"Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus Rev and human T- cell leukemia virus Rex function, but not Mason-Pfizer monkey virus constitutive transport element activity, by a mutant human nucleoporin targeted to Crm1","volume":"72","author":"Bogerd","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6602","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.8.6602-6607.1998","article-title":"Involvement of human CRM1 (exportin 1) in the export and multimerization of the Rex protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"72","author":"Hakata","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0339","article-title":"Nucleo-cytoplasmic redistribution of the HTLV-I rex protein: Alterations by coexpression of the HTLV-I p21(x) protein","volume":"220","author":"Kubota","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-05-1490","article-title":"HTLV-1 Rex is required for viral spread and persistence in vivo but is dispensable for cellular immortalization in vitro","volume":"102","author":"Ye","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7728","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.14.7728-7735.2003","article-title":"Tax and overlapping rex sequences do not confer the distinct transformation tropisms of human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2","volume":"77","author":"Ye","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.7.3005","article-title":"Expression of alternatively spliced human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 pX mRNA in infected cell lines and in primary uncultured cells from patients with adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma and healthy carriers","volume":"89","author":"Berneman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8813","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.18.8813","article-title":"Protein isoforms encoded by the pX region of human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type I","volume":"89","author":"Koralnik","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8781","article-title":"X-I and X-II open reading frames of HTLV-I are not required for virus replication or for immortalization of primary T-cells in vitro","volume":"237","author":"Derse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.12.4701.412k23_4701_4707","article-title":"Selective ablation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 p12I reduces viral infectivity in vivo","volume":"91","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.3.1094-1100.2000","article-title":"Functional role of pX open reading frame II of human T- lymphotropic virus type 1 in maintenance of viral loads in vivo","volume":"74","author":"Bartoe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9828","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.21.9828-9835.2000","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 open reading frame I p12(I) is required for efficient viral infectivity in primary lymphocytes","volume":"74","author":"Albrecht","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.8.3837-3845.2004","article-title":"Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 open reading frame II-encoded p30II is required for in vivo replication: evidence of in vivo reversion","volume":"78","author":"Silverman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(83)90395-1","article-title":"Restricted expression of human T-cell leukemia\u2014Lymphoma virus (HTLV) in transformed human umbilical cord blood lymphocytes","volume":"129","author":"Salahuddin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-284141","article-title":"Requirement of the human T-cell leukemia virus p12 and p30 genes for infectivity of human dendritic cells and macaques but not rabbits","volume":"116","author":"Valeri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5463","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.9.5463","article-title":"Enhancement of LFA-1-mediated T cell adhesion by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 p12I1","volume":"176","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.7.3493-3501.2002","article-title":"Activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 accessory protein p12(I)","volume":"76","author":"Albrecht","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10374","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.20.10374-10382.2002","article-title":"Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 p12(I) expression increases cytoplasmic calcium to enhance the activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells","volume":"76","author":"Ding","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9885","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.20.9885-9895.2001","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 p30(II) regulates gene transcription by binding CREB binding protein\/p300","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220050193272","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo functional analysis of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 pX open reading frames I and II","volume":"16","author":"Lairmore","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11270","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.23.11270-11277.2000","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 p30(II) functions as a transcription factor and differentially modulates CREB-responsive promoters","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.3.1737-1745.1992","article-title":"Complex splicing in the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) family of retroviruses: Novel mRNAs and proteins produced by HTLV type I","volume":"66","author":"Ciminale","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19970410)71:2<196::AID-IJC12>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Antibody reactivities to tumor-suppressor protein p53 and HTLV-I Tof, Rex and Tax in HTLV-I-infected people with differing clinical status","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220050193317","article-title":"In vivo production of Rof and Tof proteins of HTLV type 1: Evidence from cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"16","author":"Pique","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.09.010","article-title":"Roles of viral and cellular proteins in the expression of alternatively spliced HTLV-1 pX mRNAs","volume":"317","author":"Princler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.8.6460-6467.1999","article-title":"A lysine-to-arginine change found in natural alleles of the human T-cell lymphotropic\/leukemia virus type 1 p12(I) protein greatly influences its stability","volume":"73","author":"Trovato","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7672","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.16.7672-7682.2001","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum and cis-Golgi localization of human T- lymphotropic virus type 1 p12(I): Association with calreticulin and calnexin","volume":"75","author":"Ding","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.4.2360-2366.1993","article-title":"The p12I, p13II, and p30II proteins encoded by human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type I open reading frames I and II are localized in three different cellular compartments","volume":"67","author":"Koralnik","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V86.10.3619.bloodjournal86103619","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type I infection","volume":"86","author":"Franchini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15550","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M210210200","article-title":"A conserved calcineurin-binding motif in human T lymphotropic virus type 1 p12I functions to modulate nuclear factor of activated T cell activation","volume":"278","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11027","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.20.11027-11039.2003","article-title":"Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 p12(I) enhances interleukin-2 production during T-cell activation","volume":"77","author":"Ding","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Trovato, R., Mulloy, J.C., Fu, K., Fullen, J., Leonard, W.J., and Franchini, G. (,  May,1997). Mapping of binding sites between HTLV-p12(I) and beta- and gamma(c) chains of the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R). Proceedings of the Cold Spring Harbor Retroviruses Meeting, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA. Abstract book."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.3.823","article-title":"HTLV-1 p12(I) protein enhances STAT5 activation and decreases the interleukin-2 requirement for proliferation of primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"98","author":"Nicot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7701","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.12.7701-7704.1993","article-title":"The human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type I p12I protein cooperates with the E5 oncoprotein of bovine papillomavirus in cell transformation and binds the 16-kilodalton subunit of the vacuolar H+ ATPase","volume":"67","author":"Franchini","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-76-8-1909","article-title":"Mapping of the intermolecular association of the human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type 1 p12I and the vacuolar H+ATPase 16 kDa subunit protein","volume":"76","author":"Koralnik","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6086","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.13.6086-6094.2001","article-title":"Free major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chain Is preferentially targeted for degradation by human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type 1 p12(I) protein","volume":"75","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11467","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00952-09","article-title":"Novel role for interleukin-2 receptor-Jak signaling in retrovirus transmission","volume":"83","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9088","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02703-06","article-title":"Inhibition of T-cell receptor signal transduction and viral expression by the linker for activation of T cells-interacting p12(I) protein of human T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma virus type 1","volume":"81","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V86.6.2257.bloodjournal8662257","article-title":"Calcium-dependent homotypic adhesion through leukocyte function-associated antigen-1\/intracellular adhesion molecule-1 induces interleukin-1 and parathyroid hormone-related protein production on adult T-cell leukemia cells in vitro","volume":"86","author":"Wake","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.140.3.699","article-title":"LFA-1-mediated adhesion is regulated by cytoskeletal restraint and by a Ca2+-dependent protease, calpain","volume":"140","author":"Stewart","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"427","article-title":"LFA-1 overexpression and T cell autoreactivity: mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"Kaplan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Invest."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43620","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307275200","article-title":"The HBZ factor of human T-cell leukemia virus type I dimerizes with transcription factors JunB and c-Jun and modulates their transcriptional activity","volume":"278","author":"Basbous","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-4551","article-title":"Enhancement of infectivity and persistence in vivo by HBZ, a natural antisense coded protein of HTLV-1","volume":"107","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8813","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.18.8813","article-title":"Protein isoforms encoded by the pX region of human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type I","volume":"89","author":"Koralnik","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.1.75-83.1997","article-title":"The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tof protein contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal that is able to functionally replace the amino-terminal domain of Rex","volume":"71","author":"Ciminale","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(01)00282-9","article-title":"Expression and functional properties of proteins encoded in the x-II ORF of HTLV-I","volume":"78","author":"Zotti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4505","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203047","article-title":"Mitochondrial targeting of the p13(II) protein coded by the x-II ORF of human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)","volume":"18","author":"Ciminale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34424","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203023200","article-title":"Mitochondrial alterations induced by the p13II protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Critical role of arginine residues","volume":"277","author":"Ranzato","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6629","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305502101","article-title":"Suppression of tumor growth and cell proliferation by p13II, a mitochondrial protein of human T cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"101","author":"Cavallari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9449","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.15.9449-9457.2005","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 mitochondrion-localizing protein p13II sensitizes Jurkat T cells to Ras-mediated apoptosis","volume":"79","author":"Hiraragi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3469-3476.2006","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 mitochondrion-localizing protein p13II is required for viral infectivity in vivo","volume":"80","author":"Hiraragi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-235861","article-title":"Redox regulation of T-cell turnover by the p13 protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1: Distinct effects in primary versus transformed cells","volume":"116","author":"Cavallari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.3.1400-1414.2002","article-title":"Oncoviral bovine leukemia virus G4 and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 p13(II) accessory proteins interact with farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase","volume":"76","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7843","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.15.7843-7854.2002","article-title":"Subcellular localization of the bovine leukemia virus R3 and G4 accessory proteins","volume":"76","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37150","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603981200","article-title":"HTLV-I p30 nuclear\/nucleolar retention is mediated through interactions with RNA and a constituent of the 60s ribosomal subunit","volume":"281","author":"Ghorbel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nm984","article-title":"HTLV-1-encoded p30II is a post-transcriptional negative regulator of viral replication","volume":"10","author":"Nicot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.1.181-191.2006","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus open reading frame II encodes a posttranscriptional repressor that is recruited at the level of transcription","volume":"80","author":"Younis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14608","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M611219200","article-title":"HTLV-I Rex and p30 interactions govern the switch between virus latency and replication","volume":"282","author":"Datta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11077","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.20.11077-11083.2004","article-title":"Repression of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and type 2 replication by a viral mRNA-encoded posttranscriptional regulator","volume":"78","author":"Younis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-49","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 p30 alters cell cycle G2 regulation of T lymphocytes to enhance cell survival","volume":"4","author":"Datta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7661","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.176354","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 p30 interacts with REG{gamma} and modulates ataxia telangiectasia mutated to promote cell survival","volume":"286","author":"Anupam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6178","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.14.6178-6198.2005","article-title":"A human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 enhancer of Myc transforming potential stabilizes Myc-TIP60 transcriptional interactions","volume":"25","author":"Awasthi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baydoun, H., Pancewicz, J., and Nicot, C. Human T-cell leukemia virus p30 inhibits homologous recombination and favors unfaithful DNA repair. Blood, 2011.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-304600"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4458","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.4458-4462.1998","article-title":"Human T-Cell leukemia virus type 1 pX-I and pX-II open reading frames are dispensable for the immortalization of primary lymphocytes","volume":"72","author":"Robek","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)92322-X","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus minus strand transcription in infected T-cells","volume":"163","author":"Larocca","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12813","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.24.12813-12822.2002","article-title":"The complementary strand of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 RNA genome encodes a bZIP transcription factor that down-regulates viral transcription","volume":"76","author":"Gaudray","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01727","article-title":"Nuclear localization of HTLV-I bZIP factor (HBZ) is mediated by three distinct motifs","volume":"118","author":"Hivin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-154286","article-title":"Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 antisense-encoded gene, Hbz, promotes T lymphocyte proliferation","volume":"112","author":"Arnold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(04)00225-X","article-title":"HBZ interacts with JunD and stimulates its transcriptional activity","volume":"562","author":"Thebault","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208297","article-title":"HTLV-1 HBZ suppresses AP-1 activity by impairing both the DNA-binding ability and the stability of c-Jun protein","volume":"24","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satou, Y., Yasunaga, J., Zhao, T., Yoshida, M., Miyazato, P., Takai, K., Shimizu, K., Ohshima, K., Green, P.L., and Ohkura, N. (2011).  HTLV-1 bZIP factor induces T-cell lymphoma and systemic inflammation in vivo. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001274"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6005","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208974","article-title":"Animal models for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and transformation","volume":"24","author":"Lairmore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"86","article-title":"Experimental infection of rabbits with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"76","author":"Akagi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910500125","article-title":"Comparative biological responses of rabbits infected with human T-lymphotropic virus Type I isolates from patients with lymphoproliferative and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"50","author":"Lairmore","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"1971","article-title":"Prevention of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in Japanese macaques by passive immunization","volume":"10","author":"Murata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910400320","article-title":"Protection of cynomolgus monkeys against infection by human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 by immunization with viral env gene products produced in escerichia coli","volume":"40","author":"Nakamura","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910580324","article-title":"Infection of rats with human T-cell leukemia virus type-1: Susceptibility of inbred strains, antibody response and provirus location","volume":"58","author":"Ibrahim","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910490522","article-title":"Infectiion of Rats with HTLV-1: A Small-Animal Model for HTLV-1 Carriers","volume":"49","author":"Suga","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910350113","article-title":"Infectious transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus to rabbits","volume":"35","author":"Miyoshi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910370608","article-title":"Serial transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 by blood transfusion in rabbits and its prevention by use of X-irradiated stored blood","volume":"37","author":"Kotani","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910450534","article-title":"Transmission of HTLV-1 to rabbits via semen and breast milk from seropositive healthy persons","volume":"45","author":"Iwahara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V76.8.1657.1657","article-title":"Transmission of HTLV-I by blood transfusion and its prevention by passive immunization in rabbits","volume":"76","author":"Kataoka","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V69.4.1255.1255","article-title":"Mother-to-offspring transmission of human T cell leukemia virus type I in rabbits","volume":"69","author":"Uemura","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"970","article-title":"Oral transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 in the rabbit","volume":"77","author":"Uemura","year":"1986","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(88)90492-8","article-title":"Milk-borne transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in rabbits","volume":"162","author":"Hirose","year":"1988","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910440224","article-title":"Effect of Immunization on HTLV-1 Infection in Rabbits","volume":"44","author":"Takehara","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.6.1193","article-title":"Immunoglobulin prophylaxis against milkborne transmission of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 in rabbits","volume":"164","author":"Sawada","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"24","article-title":"Immunoglobulin prophylaxis against HTLV-I in a rabbit model","volume":"6","author":"Miyoshi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910450123","article-title":"Persistent infection of rabbits with HTLV-I: Patterns of anti-viral reactivity and detection of virus by gene amplification","volume":"45","author":"Cockerell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-9-2321","article-title":"A synthetic peptide elicits antibodies reactive with the external glycoprotein of HTLV-I","volume":"72","author":"Lal","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.1.354","article-title":"Identification of a neutralization epitope on the envelope gp46 antigen of human T-cell leukemia virus type I and induction of neutralizing antibody by peptide immunization","volume":"147","author":"Tanaka","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.7.2368","article-title":"Delineation of type-specific regions on the envelope glycoproteins of human T cell leukemia viruses","volume":"147","author":"Chen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5124","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01537-09","article-title":"Early spatial and temporal events of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 spread following blood-borne transmission in a rabbit model of infection","volume":"84","author":"Haynes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.3.1907-1912.1995","article-title":"Virions released from cells transfected with a molecular clone of human T-cell leukemia virus type I give rise to primary and secondary infections of T cells","volume":"69","author":"Derse","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.4.2024-2030.1995","article-title":"Characterization of an infectious molecular clone of human T- cell leukemia virus type I","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7241","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.10.7241-7246.1996","article-title":"In vitro CD4(+) lymphocyte transformation and infection in a rabbit model with a molecular clone of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1","volume":"70","author":"Collins","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-230912","article-title":"Cyclosporine-induced immune suppression alters establishment of HTLV-1 infection in a rabbit model","volume":"115","author":"Haynes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939451","article-title":"CTL quality and the control of human retroviral infections","volume":"39","author":"Bangham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacNamara, A., Rowan, A., Hilburn, S., Kadolsky, U., Fujiwara, H., Suemori, K., Yasukawa, M., Taylor, G., Bangham, C.R., and Asquith, B. (2010). HLA class I binding of HBZ determines outcome in HTLV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001117"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq078","article-title":"In vivo expression of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 basic leucine-zipper protein generates specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses that correlate with clinical outcome","volume":"203","author":"Hilburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810370009","article-title":"Mouse models of human T lymphotropic virus type-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"47","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01543-2","article-title":"The genetic background as a determinant of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 proviral load","volume":"309","author":"Nitta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.6.2703-2713.2002","article-title":"Mouse model for the equilibration interaction between the host immune system and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 gene expression","volume":"76","author":"Furuta","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01110.x","article-title":"Cell-free entry of human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 to mouse cells","volume":"92","author":"Feng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.3952-3957.1998","article-title":"Transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 to mice","volume":"72","author":"Fang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11329","article-title":"High simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 proviral loads combined with genetic stability as a result of cell-associated provirus replication in naturally infected, asymptomatic monkeys","volume":"107","author":"Gabet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.4.1642-1648.2002","article-title":"High prevalence of simian T-lymphotropic virus type L in wild ethiopian baboons","volume":"76","author":"Takemura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S132","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199600001-00022","article-title":"Genetic variability and molecular epidemiology of human and simian T cell leukemia\/lymphoma virus type I","volume":"13","author":"Gessain","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5939","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.13.5939-5948.2001","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant human T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma virus type 1 NYVAC and naked DNA vaccine candidates in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)","volume":"75","author":"Kazanji","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220050193245","article-title":"HTLV type 1 infection in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus): A promising animal model for HTLV type 1 human infection","volume":"16","author":"Kazanji","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24141","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M313210200","article-title":"De novo design of peptide immunogens that mimic the coiled coil region of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 glycoprotein 21 transmembrane subunit for induction of native protein reactive neutralizing antibodies","volume":"279","author":"Sundaram","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11515","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.23.11515-11525.2001","article-title":"Rat CRM1 is responsible for the poor activity of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Rex protein in rat cells","volume":"75","author":"Hakata","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220050193236","article-title":"Immunological aspects of rat models of HTLV type 1-infected T lymphoproliferative disease","volume":"16","author":"Kannagi","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050962","article-title":"A rat model of human T lymphocyte virus type I (HTLV-I) infection: In situ detection of HTLV-I provirus DNA in microglia\/macrophages in affected spinal cords of rats with HTLV-1-induced chronic progressive myeloneuropathy","volume":"97","author":"Kasai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00128-8","article-title":"Age-dependent paraparesis in WKA rats: evaluation of MHC k-haplotype and HTLV-1 infection","volume":"167","author":"Sun","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.4.981","article-title":"A rat model of human T lymphocyte virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. 1. Humoral antibody response, provirus integration, and YTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis-like myelopathy in seronegative HTLV-1 carrier rats","volume":"176","author":"Ishiguro","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.5.2956-2963.2003","article-title":"Expansion of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) reservoir in orally infected rats: Inverse correlation with HTLV-1-specific cellular immune response","volume":"77","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220050193326","article-title":"Genetic determinants of bovine leukemia virus pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Willems","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-18","article-title":"Mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus: prospects for novel anti-retroviral therapies in human","volume":"4","author":"Gillet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.2741\/2165","article-title":"Cell dynamics and immune response to BLV infection: a unifying model","volume":"12","author":"Florins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1993.tb02052.x","article-title":"HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis-like rats","volume":"84","author":"Kushida","year":"1993","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000150437","article-title":"Chronic progressive myeloneuropathy in WKAH rats induced by HTLV- I infection as an animal model for HAM\/TSP in humans","volume":"38","author":"Yoshiki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02123570","article-title":"Experimental infection of cynomolgus monkeys with a human retrovirus, adult T-cell leukemia virus","volume":"173","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"ref_235","first-page":"121","article-title":"Infectious transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus to animals","volume":"15","author":"Miyoshi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Princess Takamatsu Symp."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910380614","article-title":"Experimental inoculation of monkeys with autologous lymphoid cell lines immortalized by and producing human T-cell leukemia virus type-I","volume":"38","author":"Nakamura","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8528","article-title":"HTLV-I infection in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) using autologous, homologous, or heterologous HTLV-I- transformed cell lines","volume":"231","author":"Kazanji","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4860","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.10.4860-4867.2000","article-title":"Lymphoid organs as a major reservoir for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 in experimentally infected squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus): Provirus expression, persistence, and humoral and cellular immune responses","volume":"74","author":"Kazanji","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390410","article-title":"Polymyositis, arthritis, and uveitis in a macaque experimentally infected with human T lymphotropic virus type I","volume":"39","author":"Beilke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatism."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1705","article-title":"Association of primate T-cell lymphotropic virus infection of pig-tailed macaques with high mortality","volume":"304","author":"McGinn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/3\/7\/1131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:44Z","timestamp":1760219804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/3\/7\/1131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,12]]},"references-count":240,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v3071131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v3071131","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,12]]}}}