{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T21:09:45Z","timestamp":1789852185495,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The phenotype of HTLV-1-transformed CD4+ T lymphocytes largely depends on defined viral effector molecules such as the viral oncoprotein Tax. In this review, we exemplify the expression pattern of characteristic lineage markers, costimulatory receptors and ligands of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, cytokine receptors, and adhesion molecules on HTLV-1-transformed cells. These molecules may provide survival signals for the transformed cells. Expression of characteristic surface markers might therefore contribute to persistence of HTLV-1-transformed lymphocytes and to the development of HTLV-1-associated disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v3081439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T10:29:17Z","timestamp":1313490557000},"page":"1439-1459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Cell Surface Markers in HTLV-1 Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8568-9526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea K.","family":"Kress","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Grassmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Fleckenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","article-title":"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"77","author":"Poiesz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.6.2031","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of retrovirus from cell lines of human adult T-cell leukemia and its implication in the disease","volume":"79","author":"Yoshida","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.8.2534","article-title":"Monoclonal integration of human T-cell leukemia provirus in all primary tumors of adult T-cell leukemia suggests causative role of human T-cell leukemia virus in the disease","volume":"81","author":"Yoshida","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92734-5","article-title":"Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"2","author":"Gessain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91298-5","article-title":"HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity","volume":"1","author":"Osame","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2111","article-title":"Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation","volume":"7","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70081-6","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: recent knowledge about an ancient infection","volume":"7","author":"Verdonck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208970","article-title":"Cellular immune response to HTLV-1","volume":"24","author":"Bangham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5682","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.11.5682-5687.1990","article-title":"In vivo cellular tropism of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"64","author":"Richardson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608832104","article-title":"In vivo T lymphocyte dynamics in humans and the impact of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infection","volume":"104","author":"Asquith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-03-007732","article-title":"HBZ, a new important player in the mystery of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"108","author":"Mesnard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6026","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208977","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma virus type 1 nonstructural genes and their functions","volume":"24","author":"Nicot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2010.06.002","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor gene: Its roles in HTLV-1 pathogenesis","volume":"31","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5938","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208973","article-title":"Transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation of HTLV-1","volume":"24","author":"Kashanchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7572","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.12.7572-7575.1992","article-title":"Specific binding of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I Rex protein to a short RNA sequence located within the Rex-response element","volume":"66","author":"Bogerd","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0200","article-title":"The HTLV-1 Rex protein induces nuclear accumulation of unspliced viral RNA by avoiding intron excision and degradation","volume":"218","author":"Grone","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.9.3351","article-title":"Transformation to continuous growth of primary human T lymphocytes by human T-cell leukemia virus type I X-region genes transduced by a Herpesvirus saimiri vector","volume":"86","author":"Grassmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4570","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.7.4570-4575.1992","article-title":"Role of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 X region proteins in immortalization of primary human lymphocytes in culture","volume":"66","author":"Grassmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.3.1211-1217.1993","article-title":"Proliferative response of Tax1-transduced primary human T cells to anti-CD3 antibody stimulation by an interleukin-2-independent pathway","volume":"67","author":"Akagi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1389","article-title":"Thymus-derived leukemia-lymphoma in mice transgenic for the Tax gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type I","volume":"12","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-5-76","article-title":"The HTLV-1 Tax interactome","volume":"5","author":"Boxus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5976","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208978","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cellular transformation by HTLV-1 Tax","volume":"24","author":"Grassmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.3390\/v2092037","article-title":"Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1): Molecular Biology and Oncogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Kannian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-09-305805","article-title":"The tumor marker Fascin is strongly induced by the Tax oncoprotein of HTLV-1 through NF-kappaB signals","volume":"117","author":"Kress","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:34:1:1","article-title":"Modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein: Implications for oncogenesis and inflammation","volume":"34","author":"Peloponese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-117","article-title":"Distinct functions of HTLV-1 Tax1 from HTLV-2 Tax2 contribute key roles to viral pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Higuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"7","article-title":"Identification of the Tax interaction region of serum response factor that mediates the aberrant induction of immediate early genes through CArG boxes by HTLV-I Tax","volume":"11","author":"Fujii","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(10)60112-X","article-title":"HTLV-1 and adult T-cell leukemia: insights into viral transformation of cells 30 years after virus discovery","volume":"109","author":"Jeang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090612","article-title":"Development of human lymphoid cells","volume":"24","author":"Blom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu.Rev.Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh112","article-title":"Gene expression profiles during human CD4+ T cell differentiation","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2005.04.010","article-title":"Understanding the generation and function of memory T cell subsets","volume":"17","author":"Lanzavecchia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.05.016","article-title":"Origin and T cell receptor diversity of Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells","volume":"25","author":"Pacholczyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.06.023","article-title":"Role of regulatory T cells and FOXP3 in human diseases","volume":"120","author":"Bacchetta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R54.1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2006-7-7-r54","article-title":"Signatures of human regulatory T cells: an encounter with old friends and new players","volume":"7","author":"Pfoertner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2785","article-title":"FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system","volume":"10","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"189","article-title":"The phenotypic characterization of naturally occurring regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells","volume":"3","author":"Yi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104702","article-title":"Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: Function, generation, and maintenance","volume":"22","author":"Sallusto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(03)00025-X","article-title":"Costimulation of T cells by OX40, 4\u20131BB, and CD27","volume":"14","author":"Croft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202405","article-title":"Gene expression profiles in HTLV-I-immortalized T cells: Deregulated expression of genes involved in apoptosis regulation","volume":"18","author":"Harhaj","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"3562","article-title":"Transcription profile of cells infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type I compared with activated lymphocytes","volume":"62","author":"Radonovich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.4.1150","article-title":"Autocrine antiapoptotic stimulation of cultured adult T-cell leukemia cells by overexpression of the chemokine I-309","volume":"98","author":"Ruckes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4484","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204513","article-title":"Genome-wide expression changes induced by HTLV-1 Tax: Evidence for MLK-3 mixed lineage kinase involvement in Tax-mediated NF-kappaB activation","volume":"20","author":"Ng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4741","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-10-115220","article-title":"Strong induction of 4-1BB, a growth and survival promoting costimulatory receptor, in HTLV-1-infected cultured and patients\u2019 T cells by the viral Tax oncoprotein","volume":"111","author":"Pichler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02013-07","article-title":"Highly enhanced expression of CD70 on human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-carrying T-cell lines and adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"82","author":"Baba","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.18.2428","article-title":"Definition, prognostic factors, treatment, and response criteria of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: A proposal from an international consensus meeting","volume":"27","author":"Tsukasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2010.01833.x","article-title":"Leukemic T cells are specifically enriched in a unique CD3(dim) CD7(low) subpopulation of CD4(+) T cells in acute-type adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"102","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.3.984","article-title":"Human T lymphotropic virus I infection deregulates surface expression of the transferrin receptor","volume":"141","author":"Vidal","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23913","article-title":"Virus-induced dysfunction of CD4+CD25+ T cells in patients with HTLV-I-associated neuroimmunological disease","volume":"115","author":"Yamano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8695","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00424a001","article-title":"Demonstration that the leukocyte common antigen CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase","volume":"27","author":"Tonks","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.140946","article-title":"CD45: A critical regulator of signaling thresholds in immune cells","volume":"21","author":"Hermiston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02265.x","article-title":"CD45: All is not yet crystal clear","volume":"117","author":"Holmes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5682","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.11.5682-5687.1990","article-title":"In vivo cellular tropism of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"64","author":"Richardson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.10.3177","article-title":"Impaired production of naive T lymphocytes in human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected individuals: Its implications in the immunodeficient state","volume":"97","author":"Yasunaga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199809058367","article-title":"CD45RO expression on peripheral lymphocytes as a prognostic marker for adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"28","author":"Suzuki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012565105098","article-title":"Interleukin-2-dependent but not independent T-cell lines infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 selectively express CD45RO, a marker for persistent infection in vivo","volume":"23","author":"Moro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.633-640.1998","article-title":"Stimulation of cyclin-dependent kinase activity and G1- to S-phase transition in human lymphocytes by the human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax protein","volume":"72","author":"Schmitt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-08-3138","article-title":"Requirement of the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) tax- stimulated hiap-1 gene for the survival of transformed lymphocytes","volume":"107","author":"Waldele","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8732","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00487-10","article-title":"Elevated cyclic AMP levels in T lymphocytes transformed by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1","volume":"84","author":"Kress","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.2.3.349-355.1995","article-title":"Infection with human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II results in alterations of cellular receptors, including the up-modulation of T-cell counterreceptors CD40, CD54, and CD80 (B7\u20131)","volume":"2","author":"Dezzutti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.3.1288","article-title":"Costimulatory effects of T cell proliferation during infection with human T lymphotropic virus types I and II are mediated through CD80 and CD86 ligands","volume":"157","author":"Lal","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00769.x","article-title":"Yin-Yang of costimulation: Crucial controls of immune tolerance and function","volume":"229","author":"Nurieva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.3.1288","article-title":"Costimulatory effects of T cell proliferation during infection with human T lymphotropic virus types I and II are mediated through CD80 and CD86 ligands","volume":"157","author":"Lal","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20737","article-title":"Potential immunogenicity of adult T cell leukemia cells in vivo","volume":"114","author":"Kurihara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.12.020","article-title":"Deregulated expression of CD40 ligand in HTLV-I infection: Distinct mechanisms of downregulation in HTLV-I-transformed cell lines and ATL patients","volume":"362","author":"Harhaj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115839","article-title":"TNF\/TNFR family members in costimulation of T cell responses","volume":"23","author":"Watts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22382","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.35.22382","article-title":"Involvement of NF-AT in type I human T-cell leukemia virus Tax-mediated Fas ligand promoter transactivation","volume":"273","author":"Rivera","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-12-3277","article-title":"Role of the Fas\/Fas ligand pathway in apoptotic cell death induced by the human T cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax transactivator","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.4.1386.004k22_1386_1392","article-title":"Abundant tax protein expression in CD4+ T cells infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is prevented by cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"95","author":"Hanon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(00)00567-X","article-title":"Amplification and expression of a decoy receptor for fas ligand (DcR3) in virus (EBV or HTLV-I) associated lymphomas","volume":"160","author":"Ohshima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2526","article-title":"The role of TNF superfamily members in T-cell function and diseases","volume":"9","author":"Croft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.07.108","article-title":"Regulation of CD4 T cell memory by OX40 (CD134)","volume":"24","author":"Croft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1313","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel glycoprotein, gp34, that is specifically induced by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I transactivator p40tax","volume":"11","author":"Miura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14119","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.23.14119","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of promoter regulation of the gp34 gene that is trans-activated by an oncoprotein Tax of human T cell leukemia virus type I","volume":"273","author":"Ohtani","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06715.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of murine and human OX40\/OX40 ligand systems: identification of a human OX40 ligand as the HTLV-1-regulated protein gp34","volume":"13","author":"Baum","year":"1994","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.2.757","article-title":"Identification of a human OX-40 ligand, a costimulator of CD4+ T cells with homology to tumor necrosis factor","volume":"180","author":"Godfrey","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.1.263","article-title":"The HTLV-I tax protein transcriptionally modulates OX40 antigen expression","volume":"165","author":"Pankow","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.8.2951","article-title":"OX40 expressed on fresh leukemic cells from adult T-cell leukemia patients mediates cell adhesion to vascular endothelial cells: Implication for the possible involvement of OX40 in leukemic cell infiltration","volume":"89","author":"Imura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425818","article-title":"GITR: A multifaceted regulator of immunity belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily","volume":"35","author":"Nocentini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.04.162","article-title":"GITR overexpression on CD4+CD25+ HTLV-1 transformed cells: Detection by massively parallel signature sequencing","volume":"332","author":"Bal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2005.00080.x","article-title":"Possible origin of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma cells from human T lymphotropic virus type-1-infected regulatory T cells","volume":"96","author":"Kohno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.12.008","article-title":"Human T cell leukemia virus type I Tax activates CD40 gene expression via the NF-kappa B pathway","volume":"333","author":"Harhaj","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.f.207","article-title":"How chemokines invite leukocytes to dance","volume":"9","author":"Thelen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.1.30","article-title":"Increased chemokine receptor CCR7\/EBI1 expression enhances the infiltration of lymphoid organs by adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"95","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22483","article-title":"Expression of CCR9 in HTLV-1+ T cells and ATL cells expressing Tax","volume":"120","author":"Nagakubo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061405","article-title":"CCR7 is required for the in vivo function of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells","volume":"204","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.2525","article-title":"Expression of the chemokine receptor BLR2\/EBI1 is specifically transactivated by Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2","volume":"215","author":"Burgstahler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190600775599","article-title":"Survey of chemokine receptor expression reveals frequent co-expression of skin-homing CCR4 and CCR10 in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"47","author":"Harasawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.5.1505","article-title":"Frequent expression of CCR4 in adult T-cell leukemia and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-transformed T cells","volume":"99","author":"Yoshie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"3625","article-title":"Clinical significance of CCR4 expression in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: Its close association with skin involvement and unfavorable outcome","volume":"9","author":"Ishida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7529","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0983","article-title":"The CC chemokine receptor 4 as a novel specific molecular target for immunotherapy in adult T-Cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Ishida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.25.3575","article-title":"Phase I study of KW-0761, a defucosylated humanized anti-CCR4 antibody, in relapsed patients with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma","volume":"28","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.2.931","article-title":"Tax-inducible production of CC chemokine ligand 22 by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected T cells promotes preferential transmission of HTLV-1 to CCR4-expressing CD4+ T cells","volume":"180","author":"Hieshima","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-026781","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 Tax oncoprotein regulates G-protein signaling","volume":"109","author":"Twizere","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-11-189308","article-title":"Inhibition of the SDF-1alpha-CXCR4 axis by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 suppresses the migration of cultured cells from ATL patients and murine lymphoblastoid cells from HTLV-I Tax transgenic mice","volume":"114","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25501","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.010959","article-title":"Transcriptional activation of the interleukin-21 gene and its receptor gene by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax in human T-cells","volume":"284","author":"Mizuguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0609.2002.00653.x","article-title":"Multiple gammac-receptor expression in adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"68","author":"Baba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1652","article-title":"HTLV-I tax induces cellular proteins that activate the kappa B element in the IL-2 receptor alpha gene","volume":"241","author":"Ballard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2838905","article-title":"Cellular transcription factors and regulation of IL-2 receptor gene expression by HTLV-I tax gene product","volume":"241","author":"Ruben","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2497518","article-title":"Kappa B-specific DNA binding proteins: Role in the regulation of human interleukin-2 gene expression","volume":"244","author":"Hoyos","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.3.1590-1599.1993","article-title":"Influence of human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax and rex on interleukin-2 gene expression","volume":"67","author":"McGuire","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00744.x","article-title":"Activation of the IL-2 gene promoter by HTLV-I tax involves induction of NF-AT complexes bound to the CD28-responsive element","volume":"15","author":"Good","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6320374","article-title":"T-cell growth factor gene: Lack of expression in human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus-infected cells","volume":"223","author":"Arya","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(93)90125-7","article-title":"Characterization of human T-lymphotropic virus type I- and II-infected T-cell lines: Antigenic, phenotypic, and genotypic analysis","volume":"29","author":"Dezzutti","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.5.2452","article-title":"Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax protein trans-activates interleukin 15 gene transcription through an NF-kappaB site","volume":"95","author":"Azimi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.4.2602","article-title":"Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax activates IL-15R alpha gene expression through an NF-kappa B site","volume":"166","author":"Mariner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.7.4064","article-title":"Involvement of IL-15 in the pathogenesis of human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: Implications for therapy with a monoclonal antibody directed to the IL-2\/15R beta receptor","volume":"163","author":"Azimi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-09-113654","article-title":"Induction of the IL-9 gene by HTLV-I Tax stimulates the spontaneous proliferation of primary adult T-cell leukemia cells by a paracrine mechanism","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-09-305425","article-title":"CP-690, 550, a therapeutic agent, inhibits cytokine-mediated Jak3 activation and proliferation of T cells from patients with ATL and HAM\/TSP","volume":"117","author":"Ju","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-04-1043","article-title":"Activation of interleukin-13 expression in T cells from HTLV-1-infected individuals and in chronically infected cell lines","volume":"102","author":"Chung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.12.6081-6090.2004","article-title":"Interleukin-13 overexpression by tax transactivation: A potential autocrine stimulus in human T-cell leukemia virus-infected lymphocytes","volume":"78","author":"Waldele","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/003699-0","article-title":"Stimulation of interleukin-13 expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 oncoprotein Tax via a dually active promoter element responsive to NF-kappaB and NFAT","volume":"89","author":"Silbermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910600421","article-title":"Induction of ICAM-1 and LFA-3 by Tax1 of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and mechanism of down-regulation of ICAM-1 or LFA-1 in adult-T-cell-leukemia cell lines","volume":"60","author":"Tanaka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.1.350.350","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax induces intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in T cells","volume":"84","author":"Mori","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8522","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.11.8522-8530.1997","article-title":"Transcriptional activation of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene in T lymphocytes expressing human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein","volume":"71","author":"Valentin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8522","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.11.8522-8530.1997","article-title":"Transcriptional activation of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene in T lymphocytes expressing human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein","volume":"71","author":"Valentin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910600421","article-title":"Induction of ICAM-1 and LFA-3 by Tax1 of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and mechanism of down-regulation of ICAM-1 or LFA-1 in adult-T-cell-leukemia cell lines","volume":"60","author":"Tanaka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V86.6.2257.bloodjournal8662257","article-title":"Calcium-dependent homotypic adhesion through leukocyte function-associated antigen-1\/intracellular adhesion molecule-1 induces interleukin-1 and parathyroid hormone-related protein production on adult T-cell leukemia cells in vitro","volume":"86","author":"Wake","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.6.2110","article-title":"T-cell activation by autologous human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected T-cell clones","volume":"89","author":"Wucherpfennig","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29653","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M502639200","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus, type 1, tax protein triggers microtubule reorientation in the virological synapse","volume":"280","author":"Nejmeddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3390\/v2071427","article-title":"The HTLV-1 Virological Synapse","volume":"2","author":"Nejmeddine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9707","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00887-07","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) p12I down-modulates ICAM-1 and -2 and reduces adherence of natural killer cells, thereby protecting HTLV-1-infected primary CD4+ T cells from autologous natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity despite the reduction of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on infected cells","volume":"81","author":"Banerjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5463","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.9.5463","article-title":"Enhancement of LFA-1-mediated T cell adhesion by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 p12I1","volume":"176","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009635107","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 p8 protein increases cellular conduits and virus transmission","volume":"107","author":"Gold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3390\/v3030254","article-title":"A New Role for the HTLV-1 p8 Protein: Increasing Intercellular Conduits and Viral Cell-to-Cell Transmission","volume":"3","author":"Malbec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-03-1222","article-title":"Overexpression of a cell adhesion molecule, TSLC1, as a possible molecular marker for acute-type adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"105","author":"Sasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-7-99","article-title":"Current concepts regarding the HTLV-1 receptor complex","volume":"7","author":"Ghez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-2-27","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) infection and the onset of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)","volume":"2","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/348245a0","article-title":"Circulating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for HTLV-I pX in patients with HTLV-I associated neurological disease","volume":"348","author":"Jacobson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/3.8.761","article-title":"Predominant recognition of human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) pX gene products by human CD8+ cytotoxic T cells directed against HTLV-I-infected cells","volume":"3","author":"Kannagi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210984","article-title":"Aberrant expression of Fra-2 promotes CCR4 expression and cell proliferation in adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"27","author":"Nakayama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-008-0208-7","article-title":"HTLV-1 and apoptosis: Role in cellular transformation and recent advances in therapeutic approaches","volume":"13","author":"Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404958","article-title":"Recent advances in adult T-cell leukemia therapy: focus on a new anti-transferrin receptor monoclonal antibody","volume":"22","author":"Callens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"FCS Express, version 3."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/3\/8\/1439\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:57:06Z","timestamp":1760219826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/3\/8\/1439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v3081439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v3081439","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]}}}