{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:29:59Z","timestamp":1791181799263,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,23]],"date-time":"2012-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1350950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Baboons are susceptible to natural Ebola virus (EBOV) infection and share 96% genetic homology with humans. Despite these characteristics, baboons have rarely been utilized as experimental models of human EBOV infection to evaluate the efficacy of prophylactics and therapeutics in the United States. This review will summarize what is known about the pathogenesis of EBOV infection in baboons compared to EBOV infection in humans and other Old World nonhuman primates. In addition, we will discuss how closely the baboon model recapitulates human EBOV infection. We will also review some of the housing requirements and behavioral attributes of baboons compared to other Old World nonhuman primates. Due to the lack of data available on the pathogenesis of Marburg virus (MARV) infection in baboons, discussion of the pathogenesis of MARV infection in baboons will be limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v4102400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,23]],"date-time":"2012-10-23T11:56:58Z","timestamp":1350993418000},"page":"2400-2416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Baboon (Papio spp.) as a Model of Human Ebola Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Donna L.","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bollinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"L.White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Baboon Research Resource, University of Oklahoma, Ft. Reno Science Park, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000188138.53502.de","article-title":"The role of anti-non-Gal antibodies in the development of acute humoral xenograft rejection of hDAF transgenic porcine kidneys in baboons receiving anti-Gal antibody neutralization therapy","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2005.00258.x","article-title":"T-cell responses during pig-to-primate xenotransplantation","volume":"13","author":"Davila","year":"2006","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2005.09.186","article-title":"Prevention of hyperacute rejection in a model of orthotopic liver xenotransplantation from pig to baboon using polytransgenic pig livers (CD55, CD59, and H-transferase)","volume":"37","author":"Ramirez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000181397.41143.fa","article-title":"Alpha1,3-Galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pig heart transplantation in baboons with survival approaching 6 months","volume":"80","author":"Tseng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"167","article-title":"Synchrony of menstrual cycles in captive group living baboons (Papio cynocephalus and P. anubis)","volume":"18","author":"Wallis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.10.009","article-title":"Primate maternal placental angiography","volume":"31","author":"Balasuriya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2008.00334.x","article-title":"Fetal blood sampling in baboons (Papio spp.): Important procedural aspects and literature review","volume":"38","author":"Joy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"White, G.L. Personal communication, University of Oklahoma, Ft. Reno Science Park, OK, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"814","article-title":"Generation of a specific-pathogen-free baboon colony","volume":"49","author":"Wolf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211740109","article-title":"Generation times in wild chimpanzees and gorillas suggest earlier divergence times in great ape and human evolution","volume":"109","author":"Langergraber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.08.047","article-title":"Baboon as a nonhuman primate model for vaccine studies","volume":"24","author":"Murthy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.6.6.953-958.1999","article-title":"Comparison and characterization of immunoglobulin G subclasses among primate species","volume":"6","author":"Shearer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.084","article-title":"Recombinant (F1+V) vaccine protects cynomolgus macaques against pneumonic plague","volume":"29","author":"Williamson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis033","article-title":"Early appearance of neutralizing immunoglobulin G3 antibodies is associated with chikungunya virus clearance and long-term clinical protection","volume":"205","author":"Kam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14926","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112149108","article-title":"Recombinant Rift Valley fever vaccines induce protective levels of antibody in baboons and resistance to lethal challenge in mice","volume":"108","author":"Papin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.06.033","article-title":"Baboon model for West Nile virus infection and vaccine evaluation","volume":"355","author":"Wolf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"423","article-title":"Prolonged shock in the baboon subjected to infusion of E. coli endotoxin","volume":"5","author":"Coalson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Circ. Shock"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199210000-00013","article-title":"Lethal Staphylococcus aureus-induced shock in primates: prevention of death with anti-TNF antibody","volume":"33","author":"Hinshaw","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"92","article-title":"Retrospective description and experimental reconstitution of three different responses of the baboon to lethal E. coli","volume":"42","author":"Taylor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circ. Shock"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-269746","article-title":"Complement inhibition decreases the procoagulant response and confers organ protection in a baboon model of Escherichia coli sepsis","volume":"116","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.051330","article-title":"Sepsis and pathophysiology of anthrax in a nonhuman primate model","volume":"169","author":"Lupu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1086\/425421","article-title":"A serological survey of Ebola virus infection in central African nonhuman primates","volume":"190","author":"Leroy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02445023","article-title":"Experimental study of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in baboon models","volume":"120","author":"Luchko","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"82","article-title":"The evaluation in hamadryas baboons of the possibility for the specific prevention of Ebola fever","volume":"39","author":"Mikhailov","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vopr. Virusol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(99)00169-8","article-title":"Immune and pathophysiological processes in baboons experimentally infected with Ebola virus adapted to guinea pigs","volume":"71","author":"Ignatiev","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S199","DOI":"10.1086\/514293","article-title":"An analysis of features of pathogenesis in two animal models of Ebola virus infection","volume":"179","author":"Ryabchikova","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0814-x","article-title":"Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations","volume":"155","author":"Kuhn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1299-6","article-title":"Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)","volume":"157","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2006.05.001","article-title":"Viral hemorrhagic fevers","volume":"26","author":"Marty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2005.05.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis of viral hemorrhagic fever","volume":"17","author":"Bray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S800","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir358","article-title":"Is Marburg virus enzootic in Gabon?","volume":"204","author":"Maganga","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.49.574.542","article-title":"Marburg virus disease","volume":"49","author":"Martini","year":"1973","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x","article-title":"Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: Major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa","volume":"17","author":"Leroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63591-2","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques: evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection","volume":"163","author":"Geisbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1160\/TH05-03-0153","article-title":"The contribution of the endothelium to the development of coagulation disorders that characterize Ebola hemorrhagic fever in primates","volume":"94","author":"Hensley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2007.09.005","article-title":"Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus: insight the Filoviridae family","volume":"29","author":"Ascenzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S810","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir299","article-title":"Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever","volume":"204","author":"Kortepeter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1519","article-title":"Immunopathology of highly virulent pathogens: Insights from Ebola virus","volume":"8","author":"Zampieri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1086\/652748","article-title":"Factors associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever: Analysis of patient data from Uige, Angola","volume":"201","author":"Roddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"104","article-title":"A case of a laboratory infection with Marburg fever","volume":"3","author":"Nikiforov","year":"1994","journal-title":"Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1970.tb45614.x","article-title":"Marburg virus","volume":"174","author":"Kissling","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S790","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_4.S790","article-title":"Firsthand clinical observations of hemorrhagic manifestations in Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Zaire","volume":"11","author":"Sureau","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(1978). Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Bull. World. Health Organ., 56, 271\u2013293."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S796","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir312","article-title":"Outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever among miners in Kamwenge and Ibanda Districts, Uganda, 2007","volume":"204","author":"Adjemian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91871-2","article-title":"Marburg-virus disease in Kenya","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.3.372","article-title":"Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978","volume":"142","author":"Heymann","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1086\/514297","article-title":"Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of the Ebola virus epidemic in Mosango, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995","volume":"179","author":"Ndambi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200001000-00041","article-title":"Unexpected Ebola virus in a tertiary setting: Clinical and epidemiologic aspects","volume":"28","author":"Richards","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01103-X","article-title":"Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers","volume":"4","author":"Mahanty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"5","article-title":"Review of the neurology and biology of Ebola and Marburg virus infections","volume":"2","author":"Solbrig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurolog. Infect. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S364","DOI":"10.1086\/520613","article-title":"Blood chemistry measurements and D-Dimer levels associated with fatal and nonfatal outcomes in humans infected with Sudan Ebola virus","volume":"196","author":"Rollin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Pattyn, S.R. Pathology of Ebola Virus Infection. Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever: Colloquium Proceedings."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399404008300","article-title":"Ebola virus: New insights into disease aetiopathology and possible therapeutic interventions","volume":"6","author":"Geisbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70018-X","article-title":"Acute liver failure, multiorgan failure, cerebral oedema, and activation of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in a case of Marburg haemorrhagic feve","volume":"12","author":"Bauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10370","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10370-10377.2004","article-title":"Analysis of human peripheral blood samples from fatal and nonfatal cases of Ebola (Sudan) hemorrhagic fever: cellular responses, virus load, and nitric oxide levels","volume":"78","author":"Sanchez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini, G.A., and Siegert, R. (1971). Marburg Virus Disease, Springer Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-01593-3"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1086\/379724","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying coagulation abnormalities in ebola hemorrhagic fever: overexpression of tissue factor in primate monocytes\/macrophages is a key event","volume":"188","author":"Geisbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63592-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in primate models: Evidence that hemorrhage is not a direct effect of virus-induced cytolysis of endothelial cells","volume":"163","author":"Geisbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5995.489","article-title":"Outbreak of Marburg virus disease in Johannesburg","volume":"4","author":"Gear","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1086\/514285","article-title":"Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Cote d'Ivoire: Clinical and biologic presentation","volume":"179","author":"Formenty","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini, G.A., and Siegert, R. (1971). Marburg Virus Disease, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-01593-3"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0403.980349","article-title":"Unrecognized Ebola hemorrhagic fever at Mosango Hospital during the 1995 epidemic in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"4","author":"Bonnet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199504000-00019","article-title":"Effects of temperature on bleeding time and clotting time in normal male and female volunteers","volume":"23","author":"Valeri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.01.012","article-title":"Plastic containers and the whole-blood clotting test: Glass remains the best option","volume":"100","author":"Stone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.7.JNS091699","article-title":"Coagulation factor levels in neurosurgical patients with mild prolongation of prothrombin time: effect on plasma transfusion therapy","volume":"114","author":"Matevosyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini, G.A., and Siegert, R. (1971). Marburg Virus Disease, Springer Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-01593-3"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"97","article-title":"Pathologic features of filovirus infections in humans","volume":"235","author":"Zaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3109\/01913129809032253","article-title":"Marburg hemorrhagic fever: report of a case studied by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy","volume":"22","author":"Geisbert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ultrastruct. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(95)00080-1","article-title":"Differentiation of filoviruses by electron microscopy","volume":"39","author":"Geisbert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini, G.A., and Siegert, R. (1971). Marburg Virus Disease, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-01593-3"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Dembek, Z.F. (2008). Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare, Borden Institute."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1000","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir337","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of cardiovascular function in rhesus macaques infected with Zaire ebolavirus","volume":"204","author":"Kortepeter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1021","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir339","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Marburg hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques","volume":"204","author":"Hensley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"158","article-title":"Certain pathogenetic characteristics of a disease in monkeys in infected with the Marburg virus by an airborne route","volume":"40","author":"Lub","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vopr. Virusol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.4.753","article-title":"Pathogenic potential of filoviruses: Role of geographic origin of primate host and virus strain","volume":"166","author":"Brammer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2001.0503","article-title":"Haematological, biochemical and coagulation changes in mice, guinea-pigs and monkeys infected with a mouse-adapted variant of Ebola Zaire virus","volume":"125","author":"Bray","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Ryabchikova, E.I., and Price, B.B. (2004). Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy, Batelle Press."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/4\/10\/2400\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:53:03Z","timestamp":1760219583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/4\/10\/2400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,23]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"alternative-id":["v4102400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v4102400","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,23]]}}}