{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:29:15Z","timestamp":1791250155662,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]],"date-time":"2013-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a lentivirus that infects both goats and sheep and is closely related to maedi-visna virus that infects sheep; collectively, these viruses are known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). Infection of goats and sheep with SRLV typically results in discrete inflammatory diseases which include arthritis, mastitis, pneumonia or encephalomyelitis. SRLV-infected animals concurrently demonstrating lentivirus-associated lesions in tissues of lung, mammary gland, joint synovium and the central nervous system are either very rare or have not been reported. Here we describe a novel CAEV promoter isolated from a sheep with multisystemic lentivirus-associated inflammatory disease including interstitial pneumonia, mastitis, polyarthritis and leukomyelitis. A single, novel SRLV promoter was cloned and sequenced from five different anatomical locations (brain stem, spinal cord, lung, mammary gland and carpal joint synovium), all of which demonstrated lesions characteristic of lentivirus associated inflammation. This SRLV promoter isolate was found to be closely related to CAEV promoters isolated from goats in northern California and other parts of the world. The promoter was denoted CAEV-ovine-MS (multisystemic disease); the stability of the transcription factor binding sites within the U3 promoter sequence are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v5082005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,16]],"date-time":"2013-08-16T02:05:47Z","timestamp":1376618747000},"page":"2005-2018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Polytropic Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus Promoter Isolated from Multiple Tissues from a Sheep with Multisystemic Lentivirus-Associated Inflammatory Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Adeyemi","family":"Adedeji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradd","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis,  CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esperanza","family":"Gomez-Lucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2008.07.010","article-title":"Maedi-visna: The meningoencephalitis in naturally occurring cases","volume":"140","author":"Benavides","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M., Griffin, D.E., Lamb, R.A., Martin, A.M., Roizman, B., and Straus, E.S. (2001). Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Maxie, M.G., and Jubb, K.V.F. (2007). Pathology of Domestic Animals, Elsevier Saunders. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"843","article-title":"Pathogenesis of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. Cellular localization of viral transcripts in tissues of infected goats","volume":"136","author":"Zink","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10096","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.21.10096-10103.2000","article-title":"Infection of dendritic cells by the Maedi-Visna lentivirus","volume":"74","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"235","article-title":"Lentivirus-induced arthritis. Chronic disease caused by a covert pathogen","volume":"13","author":"Zink","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benavides, J., Fuertes, M., Garcia-Pariente, C., Otaola, J., Delgado, L., Giraldez, J., Garcia Marin, J.F., Carmen Ferreras, M., and Perez, V. (2013). Impact of maedi-visna in intensively managed dairy sheep. Vet. J.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.03.031"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.044768-0","article-title":"Diverse host-virus interactions following caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in sheep and goats","volume":"94","author":"Rachid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats","volume":"169","author":"Cork","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"359","article-title":"Ultrastructural features of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats","volume":"32","author":"Cork","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.2.134","article-title":"Infectious leukoencephalomyelitis of young goats","volume":"129","author":"Cork","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00685482","article-title":"Pathology of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats","volume":"29","author":"Cork","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.05.002","article-title":"Tissue tropism and promoter sequence variation in caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infected goats","volume":"151","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-8-1901","article-title":"The long terminal repeat is a determinant of cell tropism of maedi-visna virus","volume":"81","author":"Agnarsdottir","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-004-0436-2","article-title":"Cellular specificity and replication rate of Maedi Visna virus in vitro can be controlled by LTR sequences","volume":"150","author":"Barros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280152403281","article-title":"HIV-1 LTR C\/EBP binding site sequence configurations preferentially encountered in brain lead to enhanced C\/EBP factor binding and increased LTR-specific activity","volume":"7","author":"Ross","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5776","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.13.5776-5787.2000","article-title":"The long terminal repeat of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus is preferentially active in differentiated epithelial cells of the lungs","volume":"74","author":"Palmarini","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6178","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.13.6178-6185.2000","article-title":"Variability and immunogenicity of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus surface glycoprotein","volume":"74","author":"Valas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.12.001","article-title":"The presence or absence of the gamma-activated site determines IFN gamma-mediated transcriptional activation in CAEV promoters cloned from the mammary gland and joint synovium of a single CAEV-infected goat","volume":"163","author":"Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5744","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.11.5744-5750.1991","article-title":"Structure and genetic variability of envelope glycoproteins of two antigenic variants of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus","volume":"65","author":"Knowles","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.10.023","article-title":"Diversity of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus promoters isolated from goat milk and passaged in vitro","volume":"196","author":"Rowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Transcription Factor Search. Available online:http:\/\/www.cbrc.jp\/research\/db\/TFSEARCH.html\/."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"862","article-title":"Detection of serum antibodies to ovine progressive pneumonia virus in sheep by using a caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"10","author":"Herrmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.08.028","article-title":"Histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of Neospora caninum diagnosis in bovine aborted fetuses","volume":"150","author":"Pescador","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879300500320","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study to demonstrate Sarcocystis neurona in equine protozoal myeloencephalitis","volume":"5","author":"Hamir","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.01.013","article-title":"Approaches to Scrapie diagnosis by applying immunohistochemistry and rapid tests on central nervous and lymphoreticular systems","volume":"125","author":"Monleon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","article-title":"CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm404","article-title":"Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0","volume":"23","author":"Larkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"357","article-title":"TreeView: An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers","volume":"12","author":"Page","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Biosci."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/5\/8\/2005\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:48:38Z","timestamp":1760219318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/5\/8\/2005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v5082005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v5082005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]]}}}