{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:42:54Z","timestamp":1791301374827,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,30]],"date-time":"2013-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes annual epidemics of encephalitic disease throughout the world. Despite the ongoing risk to public health, no approved vaccines or therapies exist for use in humans to prevent or combat WNV infection. The innate immune response is critical for controlling WNV replication, limiting virus-induced pathology, and programming protective humoral and cell-mediated immunity to WNV infection. The RIG-I like receptors, Toll-like receptors, and Nod-like receptors detect and respond to WNV by inducing a potent antiviral defense program, characterized by production of type I IFN, IL-1\u03b2 and expression of antiviral effector genes. Recent research efforts have focused on uncovering the mechanisms of innate immune sensing, antiviral effector genes that inhibit WNV, and countermeasures employed by WNV to antagonize innate immune cellular defenses. In this review, we highlight the major research findings pertaining to innate immune regulation of WNV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v5112643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,30]],"date-time":"2013-10-30T12:19:46Z","timestamp":1383135586000},"page":"2643-2658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The Innate Immune Playbook for Restricting  West Nile Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Kendra","family":"Quicke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory Vaccine Center,  Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehul","family":"Suthar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory Vaccine Center,  Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8042","article-title":"West Nile virus: Review of the literature","volume":"310","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimated cumulative incidence of West Nile virus infection in US adults, 1999\u20132010","volume":"28","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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