{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T22:23:05Z","timestamp":1773872585882,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,29]],"date-time":"2014-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to frequent viral antigenic change, current influenza vaccines need to be  re-formulated annually to match the circulating strains for battling seasonal influenza epidemics. These vaccines are also ineffective in preventing occasional outbreaks of new influenza pandemic viruses. All these challenges call for the development of universal influenza vaccines capable of conferring broad cross-protection against multiple subtypes of influenza A viruses. Facilitated by the advancement in modern molecular biology, delicate antigen design becomes one of the most effective factors for fulfilling such goals. Conserved epitopes residing in virus surface proteins including influenza matrix protein 2 and the stalk domain of the hemagglutinin draw general interest for improved antigen design. The present review summarizes the recent progress in such endeavors and also covers the encouraging progress in integrated antigen\/adjuvant delivery and controlled release technology that facilitate the development of an affordable universal influenza vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v6051974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T04:40:45Z","timestamp":1398832845000},"page":"1974-1991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Universal Influenza Vaccines, a Dream to Be Realized Soon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Compans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bao-Zhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.050","article-title":"Avian and pandemic influenza: An overview","volume":"25","author":"Poland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.2.179","article-title":"Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the united states","volume":"289","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1086\/507556","article-title":"Universal influenza vaccination in the united states: Are we ready? 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