{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T09:59:26Z","timestamp":1773050366101,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]],"date-time":"2014-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a prevalent pathogen in the immunocompromised host and invasive pneumonia is a feared complication of the virus in this population. In this pediatric case series we characterized CMV lung infection in 15 non-HIV infected children (median age 3 years; IQR 0.2\u20134.9 years), using current molecular and imaging diagnostic modalities, in combination with respiratory signs and symptoms. The most prominent clinical and laboratory findings included cough (100%), hypoxemia (100%), diffuse adventitious breath sounds (100%) and increased respiratory effort (93%). All patients had abnormal lung images characterized by ground glass opacity\/consolidation in 80% of cases. CMV was detected in the lung either by CMV PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage (82% detection rate) or histology\/immunohistochemistry in lung biopsy (100% detection rate). CMV caused respiratory failure in 47% of children infected and the overall mortality rate was 13.3%. Conclusion: CMV pneumonia is a potential lethal disease in non-HIV infected children that requires a high-index of suspicion. Common clinical and radiological patterns such as hypoxemia, diffuse adventitious lung sounds and ground-glass pulmonary opacities may allow early identification of CMV lung infection in the pediatric population, which may lead to prompt initiation of antiviral therapy and better clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v6052038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]],"date-time":"2014-05-07T10:41:54Z","timestamp":1399459314000},"page":"2038-2051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Characterization of Cytomegalovirus Lung Infection in Non-HIV Infected Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sonia","family":"Restrepo-Gualteros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Fundacion Hospital La Misericordia, Bogota 111411, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota, Bogota 110111, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Jaramillo-Barberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Fundaci\u00f3n Hospital La Misericordia, Bogota 111411, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Gonzalez-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Rodriguez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 110111, Colombia"},{"name":"Research Unit, Military Hospital of Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geovanny","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Nino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00062-12","article-title":"The \u201csilent\u201d global burden of congenital citomegalovirus","volume":"26","author":"Manicklal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. 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