{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:34:19Z","timestamp":1791146059873,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,20]],"date-time":"2014-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are closely related d-retroviruses that induce hematological diseases. HTLV-1 infects about 15 million people worldwide, mainly in subtropical areas. HTLV-1 induces a wide spectrum of diseases (e.g., HTLV-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis) and leukemia\/lymphoma (adult T-cell leukemia). Bovine leukemia virus is a major pathogen of cattle, causing important economic losses due to a reduction in production, export limitations and lymphoma-associated death. In the absence of satisfactory treatment for these diseases and besides the prevention of transmission, the best option to reduce the prevalence of d-retroviruses is vaccination. Here, we provide an overview of the different vaccination strategies in the BLV model and outline key parameters required for vaccine efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v6062416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,20]],"date-time":"2014-06-20T11:34:08Z","timestamp":1403264048000},"page":"2416-2427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Vaccination against \u03b4-Retroviruses: The Bovine Leukemia Virus Paradigm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ger\u00f3nimo","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agron\u00f3micas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alix","family":"De Brogniez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Gillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramarao","family":"Golime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ars\u00e8ne","family":"Burny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan-Pablo","family":"Jaworski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agron\u00f3micas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5194-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agron\u00f3micas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Vagnoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agron\u00f3micas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Trono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agron\u00f3micas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Willems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-18","article-title":"Mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus: Prospects for novel anti-retroviral therapies in human","volume":"4","author":"Gillet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"139","article-title":"Bovine leukaemia: Facts and hypotheses derived from the study of an infectious cancer","volume":"6","author":"Burny","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer Surv."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bovine lymphosarcoma","volume":"24","author":"Ferrer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv. 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