{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:29:02Z","timestamp":1792114142335,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]],"date-time":"2014-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory viruses infections caused by influenza viruses, human parainfluenza virus (hPIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and coronaviruses are an eminent threat for public health. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines available for hPIV, RSV and coronaviruses, and the available seasonal influenza vaccines have considerable limitations. With regard to pandemic preparedness, it is important that procedures are in place to respond rapidly and produce tailor made vaccines against these respiratory viruses on short notice. Moreover, especially for influenza there is great need for the development of a universal vaccine that induces broad protective immunity against influenza viruses of various subtypes. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a replication-deficient viral vector that holds great promise as a vaccine platform. MVA can encode one or more foreign antigens and thus functions as a multivalent vaccine. The vector can be used at biosafety level 1, has intrinsic adjuvant capacities and induces humoral and cellular immune responses. However, there are some practical and regulatory issues that need to be addressed in order to develop MVA-based vaccines on short notice at the verge of a pandemic. In this review, we discuss promising novel influenza virus vaccine targets and the use of MVA for vaccine development against various respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v6072735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]],"date-time":"2014-07-17T11:26:30Z","timestamp":1405596390000},"page":"2735-2761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) as Production Platform for Vaccines against Influenza and Other Viral Respiratory Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Arwen","family":"Altenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joost","family":"Kreijtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory","family":"De Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Fux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guus","family":"Rimmelzwaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Sutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asisa","family":"Volz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2014\u20132015 northern hemisphere influenza season."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12476","article-title":"Limited airborne transmission of H7N9 influenza A virus between ferrets","volume":"501","author":"Richard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213362","article-title":"Airborne transmission of influenza A\/H5N1 virus between ferrets","volume":"336","author":"Herfst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). Information sheet\u2014Observed rate of vaccine reactions\u2014Influenza vaccine."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70295-X","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Osterholm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.111","article-title":"Global production capacity of seasonal influenza vaccine in 2011","volume":"31","author":"Partridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.08.002","article-title":"Influenza virus vaccines: Lessons from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic","volume":"1","author":"Broadbent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11756","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01460-06","article-title":"Cellular immune responses in children and adults receiving inactivated or live attenuated influenza vaccines","volume":"80","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00397-07","article-title":"Correlation of cellular immune responses with protection against culture-confirmed influenza virus in young children","volume":"15","author":"Forrest","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.07.007","article-title":"Influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-based antibodies and vaccines","volume":"3","author":"Krammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41902","article-title":"Heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies are produced by individuals immunized with a seasonal influenza vaccine","volume":"120","author":"Corti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10905","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00700-11","article-title":"A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conserved, novel epitope on the globular head of the influenza H1N1 virus hemagglutinin","volume":"85","author":"Krause","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6334","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.07158-11","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibodies to pandemic 1957 H2N2 and pandemic 1968 H3N2 influenza viruses","volume":"86","author":"Krause","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11414","article-title":"Cross-neutralization of influenza A viruses mediated by a single antibody loop","volume":"489","author":"Ekiert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222908","article-title":"Highly conserved protective epitopes on influenza B viruses","volume":"337","author":"Dreyfus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17040","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212371109","article-title":"Heterosubtypic antibody recognition of the influenza virus hemagglutinin receptor binding site enhanced by avidity","volume":"109","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.5.2552-2558.1993","article-title":"A common neutralizing epitope conserved between the hemagglutinins of influenza A virus H1 and H2 strains","volume":"67","author":"Okuno","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3942","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003942","article-title":"Heterosubtypic neutralizing monoclonal antibodies cross-protective against H5N1 and H1N1 recovered from human IgM+ memory B cells","volume":"3","author":"Throsby","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171491","article-title":"Antibody recognition of a highly conserved influenza virus epitope","volume":"324","author":"Ekiert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03509-12","article-title":"H3N2 influenza virus infection induces broadly reactive hemagglutinin stalk antibodies in humans and mice","volume":"87","author":"Margine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5986","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801367105","article-title":"Combinatorial antibody libraries from survivors of the Turkish H5N1 avian influenza outbreak reveal virus neutralization strategies","volume":"105","author":"Kashyap","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1566","article-title":"Structural and functional bases for broad-spectrum neutralization of avian and human influenza A viruses","volume":"16","author":"Sui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9106","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009106","article-title":"New class of monoclonal antibodies against severe influenza: Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in ferrets","volume":"5","author":"Friesen","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000990","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000990","article-title":"Protection from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza by an antibody from combinatorial survivor-based libraries","volume":"6","author":"Kashyap","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319058110","article-title":"A common solution to group 2 influenza virus neutralization","volume":"111","author":"Friesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03004-13","article-title":"Assessment of influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-based immunity in ferrets","volume":"88","author":"Krammer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5774","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00137-12","article-title":"Influenza viruses expressing chimeric hemagglutinins: Globular head and stalk domains derived from different subtypes","volume":"86","author":"Hai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10435","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01715-13","article-title":"Hemagglutinin stalk-based universal vaccine constructs protect against group 2 influenza A viruses","volume":"87","author":"Margine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79194","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079194","article-title":"Adjuvants and immunization strategies to induce influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk antibodies","volume":"8","author":"Goff","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03183-13","article-title":"H3 stalk-based chimeric hemagglutinin influenza virus constructs protect mice from H7N9 challenge","volume":"88","author":"Krammer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02608-13","article-title":"Guiding the immune response against influenza virus hemagglutinin toward the conserved stalk domain by hyperglycosylation of the globular head domain","volume":"88","author":"Eggink","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205669","article-title":"A neutralizing antibody selected from plasma cells that binds to group 1 and group 2 influenza A hemagglutinins","volume":"333","author":"Corti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1086\/657084","article-title":"Inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines increase serum antibodies to the neuraminidase of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus in an age-dependent manner","volume":"202","author":"Marcelin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26335","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026335","article-title":"A contributing role for anti-neuraminidase antibodies on immunity to pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus","volume":"6","author":"Marcelin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1713","article-title":"Contribution of antibody production against neuraminidase to the protection afforded by influenza vaccines","volume":"22","author":"Marcelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00149-3","article-title":"Cross-protection against a lethal influenza virus infection by DNA vaccine to neuraminidase","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040059","article-title":"Cross-reactive neuraminidase antibodies afford partial protection against H5N1 in mice and are present in unexposed humans","volume":"4","author":"Sandbulte","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10366","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01035-10","article-title":"Recombinant soluble, multimeric HA and NA exhibit distinctive types of protection against pandemic swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus infection in ferrets","volume":"84","author":"Bosch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.8.2762-2772.1988","article-title":"Influenza A virus M2 protein: Monoclonal antibody restriction of virus growth and detection of M2 in virions","volume":"62","author":"Zebedee","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.9.5598","article-title":"Influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of M2: Weak protection mediated via antibody-dependent NK cell activity","volume":"172","author":"Jegerlehner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14538","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014538","article-title":"Influenza virus-like particles containing M2 induce broadly cross protective immunity","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902147","article-title":"Universal vaccine based on ectodomain of matrix protein 2 of influenza A: Fc receptors and alveolar macrophages mediate protection","volume":"186","author":"Descamps","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.09.056","article-title":"Characterization of immunity induced by M2e of influenza virus","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-8-1851","article-title":"Vaccination of pigs with a DNA construct expressing an influenza virus M2-nucleoprotein fusion protein exacerbates disease after challenge with influenza A virus","volume":"83","author":"Heinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.06.010","article-title":"Multiple heterologous M2 extracellular domains presented on virus-like particles confer broader and stronger M2 immunity than live influenza A virus infection","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1303.061125","article-title":"Matrix protein 2 vaccination and protection against influenza viruses, including subtype H5N1","volume":"13","author":"Tompkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/13484","article-title":"A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protein","volume":"5","author":"Neirynck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.041","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant M2e-flagellin influenza vaccine (STF2.4xM2e) in healthy adults","volume":"29","author":"Turley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.6","article-title":"Universal M2 ectodomain-based influenza A vaccines: Preclinical and clinical developments","volume":"8","author":"Schotsaert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.05.002","article-title":"Clearance of influenza virus infections by T cells: Risk of collateral damage?","volume":"3","author":"Hillaire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198307073090103","article-title":"Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to influenza","volume":"309","author":"McMichael","year":"1983","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.6.1785","article-title":"Influenza A virus nucleoprotein is a major target antigen for cross-reactive anti-influenza A virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"82","author":"Yewdell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-67-4-719","article-title":"Recognition of influenza A virus nucleoprotein by human cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"67","author":"McMichael","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.2.408","article-title":"Identification of viral molecules recognized by influenza-specific human cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"165","author":"Gotch","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7578","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.12.7578","article-title":"Human CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte memory to influenza A viruses of swine and avian species","volume":"162","author":"Jameson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.08.036","article-title":"Primary influenza A virus infection induces cross-protective immunity against a lethal infection with a heterosubtypic virus strain in mice","volume":"25","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5161","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02694-07","article-title":"Cross-recognition of avian H5N1 influenza virus by human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte populations directed to human influenza A virus","volume":"82","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.048652-0","article-title":"Human T-cells directed to seasonal influenza A virus cross-react with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) and swine-origin triple-reassortant H3N2 influenza viruses","volume":"94","author":"Hillaire","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02843-13","article-title":"Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed to seasonal influenza A viruses cross-react with the newly emerging H7N9 virus","volume":"88","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939860","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/939860","article-title":"Induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes as a basis for the development of broadly protective influenza vaccines","volume":"2011","author":"Hillaire","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.5.2888","article-title":"CD4 T cell-mediated protection from lethal influenza: Perforin and antibody-mediated mechanisms give a one-two punch","volume":"177","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9217","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01069-10","article-title":"Memory CD4 T cells direct protective responses to influenza virus in the lungs through helper-independent mechanisms","volume":"84","author":"Teijaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13310","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05728-11","article-title":"Infection with seasonal influenza virus elicits CD4 T cells specific for genetically conserved epitopes that can be rapidly mobilized for protective immunity to pandemic H1N1 influenza virus","volume":"85","author":"Alam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63689","article-title":"Memory CD4+ T cells protect against influenza through multiple synergizing mechanisms","volume":"122","author":"McKinstry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2612","article-title":"Preexisting influenza-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans","volume":"18","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12057","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05204-11","article-title":"Characterization of the human CD8(+) T cell response following infection with 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus","volume":"85","author":"Hillaire","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3350","article-title":"Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza","volume":"19","author":"Sridhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0546-4","article-title":"Development of universal influenza vaccines based on influenza virus M and NP genes","volume":"42","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"24","article-title":"Ver\u00e4nderung von Vaccinevirus durch Dauerpassagen in H\u00fchnerembryofibroblastenkulturen","volume":"I","author":"Mayr","year":"1964","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. B."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"375","article-title":"Der Pockenimpfstamm MVA: Marker, genetische Struktur, Erfahrung mit der parenteralen Schutzimpfung und Verhalten im abwehrgeschw\u00e4chten Organismus","volume":"167","author":"Mayr","year":"1978","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. B."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1108143","article-title":"MVA-Stufenimpfung gegen Pocken","volume":"99","author":"Stickl","year":"1974","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9123","article-title":"The Complete Genomic Sequence of the Modified Vaccinia Ankara Strain: Comparison with Other Orthopoxviruses","volume":"244","author":"Antoine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9907","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00756-10","article-title":"Introduction of the Six Major Genomic Deletions of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) into the Parental Vaccinia Virus Is Not Sufficient To Reproduce an MVA-Like Phenotype in Cell Culture and in Mice","volume":"84","author":"Lukassen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-5-1031","article-title":"Mapping of deletions in the genome of the highly attenuated vaccinia virus MVA and their influence on virulence","volume":"72","author":"Meyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8845","article-title":"Host Range and Cytopathogenicity of the Highly Attenuated MVA Strain of Vaccinia Virus: Propagation and Generation of Recombinant Viruses in a Nonhuman Mammalian Cell Line","volume":"238","author":"Carroll","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-2-347","article-title":"Highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara replicates in baby hamster kidney cells, a potential host for virus propagation, but not in various human transformed and primary cells","volume":"79","author":"Drexler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10847","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.22.10847","article-title":"Nonreplicating vaccinia vector efficiently expresses recombinant genes","volume":"89","author":"Sutter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.3.1992-2003.1997","article-title":"Double-stranded RNA is a trigger for apoptosis in vaccinia virus-infected cells","volume":"71","author":"Kibler","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1608","article-title":"Fowlpox Virus Host Range Restriction: Gene Expression, DNA Replication, and Morphogenesis in Nonpermissive Mammalian Cells","volume":"197","author":"Somogyi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1992.8.1445","article-title":"Highly Attenuated Poxvirus Vectors","volume":"8","author":"Tartaglia","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.2.923-933.2000","article-title":"Biology of Attenuated Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Recombinant Vector in Mice: Virus Fate and Activation of B- and T-Cell Immune Responses in Comparison with the Western Reserve Strain and Advantages as a Vaccine","volume":"74","author":"Gherardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4236","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.9.4236-4243.2000","article-title":"Protective Immunity in Macaques Vaccinated with a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Based Measles Virus Vaccine in the Presence of Passively Acquired Antibodies","volume":"74","author":"Stittelaar","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.01.016","article-title":"Protective efficacy of several vaccines against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus under experimental conditions","volume":"26","author":"Veits","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01322704","article-title":"Studies on poxvirus infections in irradiated animals","volume":"64","author":"Werner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90341-7","article-title":"A recombinant vector derived from the host range-restricted and highly attenuated MVA strain of vaccinia virus stimulates protective immunity in mice to influenza virus","volume":"12","author":"Sutter","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2004.09.001","article-title":"Modified vaccinia virus Ankara as antigen delivery system: How can we best use its potential?","volume":"15","author":"Drexler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11925","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00903-07","article-title":"Cross-Priming of Cytotoxic T Cells Dictates Antigen Requisites for Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vector Vaccines","volume":"81","author":"Gasteiger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00038-12","article-title":"DNA and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vaccines Encoding Multiple Cytotoxic and Helper T-Lymphocyte Epitopes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Are Safe but Weakly Immunogenic in HIV-1-Uninfected, Vaccinia Virus-Naive Adults","volume":"19","author":"Gorse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9782","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00694-12","article-title":"Stable Antigen Is Most Effective for Eliciting CD8+ T-Cell Responses after DNA Vaccination and Infection with Recombinant Vaccinia Virus in Vivo","volume":"86","author":"Schliehe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-095910","article-title":"Pathways of Antigen Processing","volume":"31","author":"Blum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(96)00195-8","article-title":"Highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) as an effective recombinant vector: A Murine tumor model","volume":"15","author":"Carroll","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.6.3741-3752.1996","article-title":"Patterns of viral replication correlate with outcome in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques: Effect of prior immunization with a trivalent SIV vaccine in modified vaccinia virus Ankara","volume":"70","author":"Hirsch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-5-1159","article-title":"Modified vaccinia virus Ankara undergoes limited replication in human cells and lacks several immunomodulatory proteins: Implications for use as a human vaccine","volume":"79","author":"Blanchard","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(94)05357-X","article-title":"Interferon induction in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes of man and farm animals by poxvirus vector candidates and some poxvirus constructs","volume":"46","author":"Czerny","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000480","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000480","article-title":"Innate Immune Sensing of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) Is Mediated by TLR2-TLR6, MDA-5 and the NALP3 Inflammasome","volume":"5","author":"Delaloye","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131737","article-title":"IL-17\u2013induced CXCL12 recruits B cells and induces follicle formation in BALT in the absence of differentiated FDCs","volume":"211","author":"Fleige","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01538831","article-title":"Highly attenuated poxviruses induce functional priming of neutrophils in vitro","volume":"136","author":"Wolf","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091472","article-title":"Induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue serves as a general priming site for T cells and is maintained by dendritic cells","volume":"206","author":"Halle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01884-08","article-title":"Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Triggers Chemotaxis of Monocytes and Early Respiratory Immigration of Leukocytes by Induction of CCL2 Expression","volume":"83","author":"Lehmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12102","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01190-07","article-title":"Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Induces Toll-Like Receptor-Independent Type I Interferon Responses","volume":"81","author":"Waibler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.03.020","article-title":"Clinical development of Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara vaccines","volume":"31","author":"Gilbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2013.845531","article-title":"Clinical applications of attenuated MVA poxvirus strain","volume":"12","author":"Perdiguero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccine."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.06.073","article-title":"Poxvirus vectors","volume":"31","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency Authorization Procedures. Available online:http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/special_topics\/q_and_a\/q_and_a_detail_000080.jsp."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.049601-0","article-title":"Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors--friend or foe?","volume":"159","author":"Saxena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.01.038","article-title":"Cross-protective immunity against multiple influenza virus subtypes by a novel modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccine in mice","volume":"31","author":"Brewoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003\u20132014."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.07.017","article-title":"Transmission of influenza A\/H5N1 viruses in mammals","volume":"178","author":"Imai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.provac.2011.07.011","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of influenza vaccines based on replication-deficient poxvirus vector MVA","volume":"4","author":"Rimmelzwaan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Vaccinol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1086\/517614","article-title":"Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based vaccine induces protective immunity in mice against infection with influenza virus H5N1","volume":"195","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16247","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016247","article-title":"Vectors based on modified vaccinia Ankara expressing influenza H5N1 hemagglutinin induce substantial cross-clade protective immunity","volume":"6","author":"Hessel","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.03.020","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine against influenza A\/H5N1 viruses","volume":"27","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1086\/595984","article-title":"Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the hemagglutinin gene confers protection against homologous and heterologous H5N1 influenza virus infections in macaques","volume":"199","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7790","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007790","article-title":"MVA-based H5N1 vaccine affords cross-clade protection in mice against influenza A\/H5N1 viruses at low doses and after single immunization","volume":"4","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012217","article-title":"A pandemic influenza H1N1 live vaccine based on modified vaccinia Ankara is highly immunogenic and protects mice in active and passive immunizations","volume":"5","author":"Hessel","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12221","article-title":"Modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the hemagglutinin of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus induces cross-protective immunity against Eurasian 'avian-like' H1N1 swine viruses in mice","volume":"8","author":"Castrucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.024885-0","article-title":"Evaluation of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based candidate pandemic influenza A\/H1N1 vaccine in the ferret model","volume":"91","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.9.6418-6424.1996","article-title":"Oral immunization with a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus protects mice against influenza","volume":"70","author":"Bender","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq015","article-title":"Potent CD8+ T-cell immunogenicity in humans of a novel heterosubtypic influenza A vaccine, MVA-NP+M1","volume":"52","author":"Berthoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62778","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062778","article-title":"Examination of influenza specific T cell responses after influenza virus challenge in individuals vaccinated with MVA-NP+M1 vaccine","volume":"8","author":"Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48322","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048322","article-title":"A T cell-inducing influenza vaccine for the elderly: Safety and immunogenicity of MVA-NP+M1 in adults aged over 50 years","volume":"7","author":"Antrobus","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis327","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of the efficacy of a T-cell-based influenza vaccine, MVA-NP+M1, in humans","volume":"55","author":"Lillie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01443","article-title":"Immunity against heterosubtypic influenza virus induced by adenovirus and MVA expressing nucleoprotein and matrix protein-1","volume":"3","author":"Lambe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.047","article-title":"Towards a universal vaccine for avian influenza: Protective efficacy of modified Vaccinia virus Ankara and Adenovirus vaccines expressing conserved influenza antigens in chickens challenged with low pathogenic avian influenza virus","volume":"31","author":"Boyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242922","article-title":"Improved adjuvanting of seasonal influenza vaccines: Preclinical studies of MVA-NP+M1 coadministration with inactivated influenza vaccine","volume":"43","author":"Mullarkey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.162","article-title":"Coadministration of seasonal influenza vaccine and MVA-NP+M1 simultaneously achieves potent humoral and cell-mediated responses","volume":"22","author":"Antrobus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088340","article-title":"MVA vectors expressing conserved influenza proteins protect mice against lethal challenge with H5N1, H9N2 and H7N1 viruses","volume":"9","author":"Hessel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.08.091","article-title":"Immunization with recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) constructs encoding the HA or NP gene protects ponies from equine influenza virus challenge","volume":"24","author":"Breathnach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.09.020","article-title":"Progress in understanding and controlling respiratory syncytial virus: Still crazy after all these years","volume":"162","author":"Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2012.02.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis of acute respiratory illness caused by human parainfluenza viruses","volume":"2","author":"Schomacker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.07.114","article-title":"RSV 2010: Recent advances in research on respiratory syncytial virus and other pneumoviruses","volume":"29","author":"Osterhaus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(96)00072-2","article-title":"Development of a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine effective against parainfluenza virus 3 infection in an animal model","volume":"14","author":"Wyatt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1086\/314769","article-title":"Comparison of the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Replication-Defective Vaccinia Virus Expressing Antigens of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (HPIV3) with Those of a Live Attenuated HPIV3 Vaccine Candidate in Rhesus Monkeys Passively Immunized with PIV3 Antibodies","volume":"179","author":"Durbin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00010-3","article-title":"The immunogenicity and efficacy of intranasally or parenterally administered replication-deficient vaccinia-parainfluenza virus type 3 recombinants in rhesus monkeys","volume":"16","author":"Durbin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00257-1","article-title":"Priming and boosting immunity to respiratory syncytial virus by recombinant replication-defective vaccinia virus MVA","volume":"18","author":"Wyatt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.05.015","article-title":"Protective and disease-enhancing immune responses induced by recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing respiratory syncytial virus proteins","volume":"23","author":"Olszewska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.10.010","article-title":"Vaccination of infant macaques with a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the respiratory syncytial virus F and G genes does not predispose for immunopathology","volume":"22","author":"Wyatt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38919-1_16","article-title":"Bovine Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","volume":"Volume 372","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.04.002","article-title":"Vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing bovine respiratory syncytial virus (bRSV) proteins protects calves against RSV challenge","volume":"25","author":"Antonis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030747","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome","volume":"348","author":"Drosten","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","article-title":"Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia","volume":"367","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3143","article-title":"A decade after SARS: Strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses","volume":"11","author":"Graham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Micro."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6641","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401939101","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice","volume":"101","author":"Bisht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.5.2678-2688.2005","article-title":"Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Expressing the Spike Glycoprotein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Induces Protective Neutralizing Antibodies Primarily Targeting the Receptor Binding Region","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11950","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01672-13","article-title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Delivered by Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Efficiently Induces Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-876-4_4","article-title":"Easy and efficient protocols for working with recombinant vaccinia virus MVA","volume":"890","author":"Kremer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.083","article-title":"New avian suspension cell lines provide production of influenza virus and MVA in serum-free media: Studies on growth, metabolism and virus propagation","volume":"27","author":"Lohr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2010). Guideline on quality, non-clinical and clinical aspects of live recombinant viral vectored vaccines."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.05.005","article-title":"Recombinant viral vectors: Cancer vaccines","volume":"58","author":"Harrop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/6\/7\/2735\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:13:43Z","timestamp":1760217223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/6\/7\/2735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v6072735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v6072735","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]]}}}