{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:40:50Z","timestamp":1790052050437,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]],"date-time":"2014-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Puumala virus (PUUV) is a major cause of mild to moderate haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and is transmitted by the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). There has been a high cumulative incidence of recorded human cases in South-eastern Germany since 2004 when the region was first recognized as being endemic for PUUV. As the area is well known for outdoor recreation and the Bavarian Forest National Park (BFNP) is located in the region, the increasing numbers of recorded cases are of concern. To understand the population and environmental effects on the seroprevalence of PUUV in bank voles we trapped small mammals at 23 sites along an elevation gradient from 317 to 1420m above sea level. Generalized linear mixed effects models(GLMEM) were used to explore associations between the seroprevalence of PUUV in bank voles and climate and biotic factors. We found that the seroprevalence of PUUV was low (6%\u20137%) in 2008 and 2009, and reached 29% in 2010. PUUV seroprevalence was positively associated with the local species diversity and deadwood layer, and negatively associated with mean annual temperature, mean annual solar radiation, and herb layer. Based on these findings, an illustrative risk map for PUUV seroprevalence prediction in bank voles was created for an area of the national park. The map will help when planning infrastructure in the national park (e.g., huts, shelters, and trails).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v6103944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]],"date-time":"2014-10-23T12:28:28Z","timestamp":1414067308000},"page":"3944-3967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Identification of FactorsInfluencing the Puumala Virus Seroprevalence within Its Reservoir in aMontane Forest Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Bryan","family":"Thoma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany"},{"name":"Chair for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"B\u00e4ssler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Georgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Osterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"University of Rostock, Universit\u00e4tsplatz 1, 18055 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Schex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Bottomley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Essbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heyman, P., Ceianu, C.S., Christova, I., Tordo, N., Beersma, M., Jo\u00e3o Alves, M., Lundkvist, A., Hukic, M., Papa, A., and Tenorio, A. (2011). A five-year perspective on the situation of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and status of the hantavirus reservoirs in Europe, 2005\u20132010. Euro Surveill., 16.","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.16.36.19961-en"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sing, A. (2015). Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Men and Animals \u2014A Focus on Public Health Aspects, Springer Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9457-2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heyman, P., Vaheri, A., and ENIVD Members (2008). Situation of hantavirus infections and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in European countries as of December 2006. Euro Surveill., 13.","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.28.18925-en"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mailles, A., Sin, M.A., Ducoffre, G., Heyman, P., Koch, J., and Zeller, H. (2005). Larger than usual increase in cases of hantavirus infections in Belgium, France and Germany, June 2005. Euro Surveill., 10, E050721.4.","DOI":"10.2807\/esw.10.29.02754-en"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.12.05.00712-en","article-title":"Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: An analysis of the outbreaks in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Luxembourg in 2005","volume":"12","author":"Heyman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koch, J., Brockmann, S.O., Winter, C., Kimmig, P., and Stark, K. (2007). Significant increase of hantavirus infections in Germany since the beginning of 2007. Euro Surveill., 12, E070503.1.","DOI":"10.2807\/esw.12.18.03185-en"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faber, M.S., Ulrich, R.G., Frank, C., Brockmann, S.O., Pfaff, G.M., Jacob, J., Kr\u00fcger, D.H., and Stark, K. (2010). Steep rise in notified hantavirus infections in Germany, April 2010. Euro Surveill., 15.","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.20.19574-en"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1405.071533","article-title":"Hantavirus outbreak, Germany, 2007","volume":"14","author":"Hofmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1809.111447","article-title":"Multiple synchronous outbreaks of Puumala virus, Germany, 2010","volume":"18","author":"Ettinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.359","article-title":"Recent outbreaks of hantavirus disease in Germany and in the United States","volume":"82","author":"Kruger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"SurvStat@RKI \u2013 Abfrageergebnis. Available online:http:\/\/www3.rki.de\/SurvStat\/ResultList.aspx."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00237","article-title":"In Search for Factors that Drive Hantavirus Epidemics","volume":"3","author":"Heyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90765-H","article-title":"Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Germany","volume":"337","author":"Pilaski","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806006170","article-title":"A new Puumala hantavirus subtype in rodents associated with an outbreak of Nephropathia epidemica in South-East Germany in 2004","volume":"134","author":"Essbauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02573-06","article-title":"Hantavirus disease outbreak in Germany: Limitations of routine serological diagnostics and clustering of virus sequences of human and rodent origin","volume":"45","author":"Schilling","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12037","article-title":"Puumala Virus Outbreak in Western Thuringia, Germany, 2010: Epidemiology and Strain Identification","volume":"60","author":"Faber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-009-0106-9","article-title":"Seroepidemiological study in a Puumala virus outbreak area in South-East Germany","volume":"198","author":"Mertens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-011-0620-x","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of Puumala virus subtype Bavaria, characterization and diagnostic use of its recombinant nucleocapsid protein","volume":"43","author":"Mertens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.010537","article-title":"Behavioral, physiologic, and habitat influences on the dynamics of Puumala virus infection in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus)","volume":"8","author":"Escutenaire","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.2.299","article-title":"Hantavirus antibody occurrence in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) during a vole population cycle","volume":"39","author":"Olsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0138","article-title":"Hantaviruses and their hosts in Europe: Reservoirs here and there, but not everywhere?","volume":"10","author":"Olsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050654","article-title":"Dynamics of Puumala hantavirus infection in naturally infected bank voles (Clethrinomys glareolus)","volume":"144","author":"Bernshtein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.020037","article-title":"Demographic factors associated with hantavirus infection in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus)","volume":"8","author":"Olsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-007-0005-6","article-title":"Kinship, dispersal and hantavirus transmission in bank and common voles","volume":"153","author":"Deter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808000423","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterning of bank vole demography and the epidemiology of the Puumala hantavirus in northeastern France","volume":"136","author":"Augot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0007","article-title":"Temporal variation in individual factors associated with hantavirus infection in bank voles during an epizootic: Implications for Puumala virus transmission dynamics","volume":"11","author":"Tersago","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1086\/285678","article-title":"Temporal Variability and Geographical Patterns in the Population Density of Microtine Rodents: A Reply to Xia and Boonstra","volume":"144","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.305","article-title":"Fluctuating rodent populations and risk to humans from rodent-borne zoonoses","volume":"5","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"xvii","article-title":"Animal biodiversity and emerging diseases prediction and prevention. Introduction","volume":"1149","author":"Maillard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1428.052","article-title":"Global factors driving emerging infectious diseases","volume":"1149","author":"Aguirre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000084603","article-title":"Inactivation of Hantaan virus-containing samples for subsequent investigations outside biosafety level 3 facilities","volume":"48","author":"Kraus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81643-0","article-title":"Prolonged survival of Puumala hantavirus outside the host: Evidence for indirect transmission via the environment","volume":"87","author":"Kallio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1055-8","article-title":"Emergence of hantavirus in South Germany: rodents, climate and human infections","volume":"103","author":"Piechotowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.081413","article-title":"Risk Factors for Human Infection with Puumala Virus, Southwestern Germany","volume":"15","author":"Schwarz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"155","article-title":"Populations of Clethrionomys glareolus in three isolated forest complexes in rural southern Moravia (Czech Republic)","volume":"17","author":"Suchomel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hystrix"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10144-010-0193-x","article-title":"Effects of fragmented breeding habitat and resource distribution on behavior and survival of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus )","volume":"52","author":"Haapakoski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Popul. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"9","article-title":"Different microhabitat preferences of field and bank voles under manipulated predation risk from an alien predator","volume":"43","author":"Fey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annales zoologici Fennici"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00789934","article-title":"Social organization of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus, Schreber 1780) and its demographic consequences: A model","volume":"80","author":"Bujalska","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-6-55","article-title":"Environmental conditions and Puumala virus transmission in Belgium","volume":"6","author":"Linard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0160","article-title":"Population, environmental, and community effects on local bank vole (Myodes glareolus ) Puumala virus infection in an area with low human incidence","volume":"8","author":"Tersago","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.315","article-title":"Habitat factors associated with bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and concomitant hantavirus in northern Sweden","volume":"5","author":"Olsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"11","article-title":"Forest management, coarse woodydebris and saproxylic organisms: Fennoscandian boreal forests as an example","volume":"49","author":"Siitonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"333","article-title":"Dead Wood and the Richness of Small Terrestrial Vertebrates in Southwestern Oregon","volume":"PSW-GTR-181","author":"Maguire","year":"2002","journal-title":"USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-8-1","article-title":"Relating increasing hantavirus incidences to the changing climate: The mast connection","volume":"8","author":"Clement","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808000940","article-title":"Hantavirus disease (nephropathia epidemica) in Belgium: Effects of tree seed production and climate","volume":"137","author":"Tersago","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq122","article-title":"Beechnuts and outbreaks of nephropathia epidemica (NE): Of mast, mice and men","volume":"25","author":"Clement","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12021","article-title":"Model-based prediction of nephropathia epidemica outbreaks based on climatological and vegetation data and bank vole population dynamics","volume":"60","author":"Haredasht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-11-39","article-title":"Modelling zoonotic diseases in humans: Comparison of methods for hantavirus in Sweden","volume":"11","author":"Zeimes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"101","article-title":"Ecology and control of Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber in Czechoslovakia","volume":"58","author":"Zejda","year":"1970","journal-title":"EPPO Publ. Set. A."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.76-22","article-title":"Abundance of food supply and size of the bank vole\u2019s home range","volume":"21","author":"Andrzejewski","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta theriol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378782","article-title":"Changes in home range size during growth and maturation of the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) and the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus)","volume":"68","author":"Korn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Oecologica"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01906541","article-title":"Die Verbreitung von M\u00e4usen in verschiedenen Waldgebieten Bayerns","volume":"54","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anz. Schadlingskde., Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01906116","article-title":"Einflu\u00df des Nahrungsangebots auf die Konkurrenz sympatrischer M\u00e4usearten in Forstkulturen","volume":"61","author":"Brunner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anz. Schadlingskde., Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0111","article-title":"Reproductive costs and litter size in the bank vole","volume":"261","author":"Mappes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2307\/5980","article-title":"Territorial behaviour and reproductive success of bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus females","volume":"66","author":"Koskela","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10020499","article-title":"Ecological niche modelling of bank voles in Western Europe","volume":"10","author":"Haredasht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2012.708918","article-title":"Relating land cover and spatial distribution of nephropathia epidemica and Lyme borreliosis in Belgium","volume":"23","author":"Barrios","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Glaser, R., Gebhardt, H., and Schenk, W. (2007). Geographie Deutschlands, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"21","article-title":"Biodiversity Research between Climate Change and Wilding in a temperate montane forest \u2013 The conceptual framework","volume":"7","author":"Moning","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Landsc. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0060","article-title":"Rickettsia spp. in wild small mammals in Lower Bavaria, South-Eastern Germany","volume":"11","author":"Schex","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Essbauer, S., Osterberg, A., Schex, S., and M\u00fcller, J. (2014). Molecular epidemiology of Puumala virus in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Unpublished work."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, J., B\u00e4ssler, C., Essbauer, S., Schex, S., M\u00fcller, D., Opgenoorth, L., and Brandl, R. (2014). Relative heart size but not body size increases with elevation within the populations of two rodent species. J. Biogeog., in press.","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12365"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"84","article-title":"Hantavirus-Herdanalyse zur Absch\u00e4tzung des Infektionsrisikos am Truppen\u00fcbungsplatz Heuberg","volume":"54","author":"Essbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wehrmedizinische Monatsschrift"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boone, I., Wagner-Wiening, C., Reil, D., Jacob, J., Rosenfeld, U.M., Ulrich, R.G., Lohr, D., and Pfaff, G. (2012). Rise in the number of notified human hantavirus infections since October 2011 in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Euro Surveill., 17.","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.21.20180-en"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.768","article-title":"Patterns of infection with Laguna Negra virus in wild populations of Calomys laucha in the central Paraguayan chaco","volume":"65","author":"Yahnke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"177","article-title":"Community ecology of small mammal populations in Panam\u00e1 following an outbreak of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Ruedas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[873:TEOBOT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The effect of biodiversity on the hantavirus epizootic","volume":"87","author":"Peixoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/14888386.2006.9712789","article-title":"Biodiversity loss and emerging infectious disease: An example from the rodent-borne hemorrhagic fevers","volume":"7","author":"Mills","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biodiversity"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.00885.x","article-title":"Effects of species diversity on disease risk","volume":"9","author":"Keesing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.081083","article-title":"Increased host species diversity and decreased prevalence of Sin Nombre virus","volume":"15","author":"Dizney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5461","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005461","article-title":"Experimental evidence for reduced rodent diversity causing increased hantavirus prevalence","volume":"4","author":"Giermakowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.05.009","article-title":"Biodiversity and leptospirosis risk: A case of pathogen regulation?","volume":"77","author":"Derne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006467","article-title":"Sin nombre virus and rodent species diversity: A test of the dilution and amplification hypotheses","volume":"4","author":"Clay","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09575","article-title":"Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases","volume":"468","author":"Keesing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10232","article-title":"Rodent host specificity of European hantaviruses: Evidence of Puumala virus interspecific spillover","volume":"68","author":"Heyman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2009.00003.x","article-title":"Bayou virus detected in non-oryzomyine rodent hosts: An assessment of habitat composition, reservoir community structure, and marsh rice rat social dynamics","volume":"34","author":"Holsomback","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-012-0765-7","article-title":"The interplay of plant and animal disease in a changing landscape: The role of sudden aspen decline in moderating Sin Nombre virus prevalence in natural deer mouse populations","volume":"9","author":"Lehmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"291","article-title":"How dead trees sustain live organisms in western forests","volume":"PSW-GTR-181","author":"Bunnell","year":"2002","journal-title":"USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2012.00228.x","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of Puumala hantavirus in suburban reservoir rodent populations","volume":"37","author":"Dobly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1054-9","article-title":"Network \u201cRodent-borne pathogens\u201d in Germany: Longitudinal studies on the geographical distribution and prevalence of hantavirus infections","volume":"103","author":"Ulrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(01)00267-2","article-title":"Incidence of hantavirus infections in Belgium","volume":"77","author":"Heyman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2003.00675.x","article-title":"Modelling Hantavirus in Fluctuating Populations of Bank Voles: The Role of Indirect Transmission on Virus Persistence","volume":"72","author":"Sauvage","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3176\/eco.2009.2.02","article-title":"Growth of the bank vole Myodes glareolus in the non-vegetative period in NE Lithuania","volume":"58","author":"Balciauskiene","year":"2009","journal-title":"Est. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evander, M., and Ahlm, C. (2009). Milder winters in northern Scandinavia may contribute to larger outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever virus. Global Health Action, 2.","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v2i0.2020"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"3569","article-title":"Landscape genetics highlights the role of bank vole metapopulation dynamics in the epidemiology of Puumala hantavirus","volume":"20","author":"Guivier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"57","article-title":"Ecological interactions in agroforestry systems","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Agroforestry Abstracts"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"111","article-title":"Herb layer species as indicators of biodiversity of managed and unmanaged beech forests","volume":"79","author":"Schmidt","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Snow Landsc."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Viro, P., and Niethammer, J. (1982). Handbuch der S\u00e4ugetiere Europas; Nagetiere, Aula Verlag."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.315","article-title":"Habitat factors associated with bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and concomitant hantavirus in northern Sweden","volume":"5","author":"Olsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0155","article-title":"Association between habitat and prevalence of hantavirus infections in bank voles (Myodes glareolus ) and wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus)","volume":"9","author":"Heyman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0501.990110","article-title":"Climatic and environmental patterns associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Four Corners region, United States","volume":"5","author":"Engelthaler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2007)017[0129:PHRAFH]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Persistently highest risk areas for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: Potential sites for refugia","volume":"17","author":"Glass","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01162.x","article-title":"Time series analysis performed on nephropathia epidemica in humans of northern Sweden in relation to bank vole population dynamic and the NAO index","volume":"56","author":"Palo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1139\/z00-172","article-title":"The function of biodiversity in the ecology of vector-borne zoonotic diseases","volume":"78","author":"Ostfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0233733100","article-title":"The ecology of infectious disease: effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk","volume":"100","author":"LoGiudice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"163","article-title":"Identification of climate sensitive zones for plants in montane forests","volume":"45","author":"Dziock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Folia Geobotanica"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"62","article-title":"Zusammenhang zwischen Mikrohabitatstrukturen, Nahrungsverf\u00fcgbarkeit und Abundanz von Waldnagern","volume":"430","author":"Reil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Julius-K\u00fchn-Archiv"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-013-9964-z","article-title":"Recreation shapes a \u201clandscape of fear\u201d for a threatened forest bird species in Central Europe","volume":"29","author":"Lorenc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landscape Ecol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.2307\/1941820","article-title":"Preserving Biodiversity: Species, Ecosystems, or Landscapes?","volume":"3","author":"Franklin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880999077X","article-title":"Case-control study on Puumala virus infection: smoking is a risk factor","volume":"138","author":"Vapalahti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809002271","article-title":"Survey and case-control study during epidemics of Puumala virus infection","volume":"137","author":"Winter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7062486","article-title":"Satellite derived forest phenology and its relation with nephropathia epidemica in Belgium","volume":"7","author":"Barrios","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-30","article-title":"Concomitant influence of helminth infection and landscape on the distribution of Puumala hantavirus in its reservoir, Myodes glareolus","volume":"11","author":"Salvador","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7200.1737","article-title":"Risk factors for human hantavirus infection: Franco-Belgian collaborative case-control study during 1995-6 epidemic","volume":"318","author":"Crowcroft","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02116523","article-title":"Seroprevalence of hantavirus antibodies in Germany as determined by a new recombinant enzyme immunoassay","volume":"14","author":"Faulde","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-011-0203-4","article-title":"Seroprevalence study in forestry workers of a non-endemic region in eastern Germany reveals infections by Tula and Dobrava-Belgrade hantaviruses","volume":"200","author":"Mertens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Elling, W., Bauer, E., Klemm, G., and Koch, H. (1987). Klima und B\u00f6den. Bayerisches Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe Heft 1."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Noack, E. (1979). Witterung und Klima im Bayerischen Wald, Bayerisches Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten; Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe Heft 5."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"B\u00e4ssler, C. (2004). Das Klima im Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald - Darstellung, Entwicklung und Auswirkung, Bayerisches Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten; Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Walentowski, H., Ewald, J., Fischer, A., K\u00f6lling, C., and T\u00fcrk, W. (2004). Handbuch der nat\u00fcrlichen Waldgesellschaften in Bayern, Geobotanica."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenzweig, M.L. (1995). Species diversity in space and time, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623387"},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"B\u00f6hner, J., McCloy, K., and Strobl, J. (2006). SAGA-Analysis and Modelling Applications."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Hydrologisches Modellierungssystem ArcEGMO. Available online:http:\/\/www.arcegmo.de."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"(2013). R Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"The R Project for Statistical Computing. Available online:http:\/\/www.r-project.org."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"(2010). ArcGISTM, ESRI. version 10.1."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"45","article-title":"Regulation of rodent-borne viruses in the natural host: Implications for human disease","volume":"19","author":"Mills","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Virol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.15","article-title":"Vaccines for hantaviruses: Progress and issues","volume":"11","author":"Schmaljohn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/6\/10\/3944\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:17:19Z","timestamp":1760217439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/6\/10\/3944"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["v6103944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v6103944","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]]}}}