{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:32:55Z","timestamp":1791325975620,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]],"date-time":"2014-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The first human tumor virus was discovered in the middle of the last century by Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr in African pediatric patients with Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma. To date, seven viruses -EBV, KSHV, high-risk HPV, MCPV, HBV, HCV and HTLV1- have been consistently linked to different types of human cancer, and infections are estimated to account for up to 20% of all cancer cases worldwide. Viral oncogenic mechanisms generally include: generation of genomic instability, increase in the rate of cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, alterations in DNA repair mechanisms and cell polarity changes, which often coexist with evasion mechanisms of the antiviral immune response. Viral agents also indirectly contribute to the development of cancer mainly through immunosuppression or chronic inflammation, but also through chronic antigenic stimulation. There is also evidence that viruses can modulate the malignant properties of an established tumor. In the present work, causation criteria for viruses and cancer will be described, as well as the viral agents that comply with these criteria in human tumors, their epidemiological and biological characteristics, the molecular mechanisms by which they induce cellular transformation and their associated cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v6104047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]],"date-time":"2014-10-23T12:28:28Z","timestamp":1414067308000},"page":"4047-4079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"title":["Human Viruses and Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Abigail","family":"Morales-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Virolog\u00eda y C\u00e1ncer, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez. Dr. M\u00e1rquez 162, Col. Doctores, C.P. 06720. M\u00e9xico D.F., Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico. Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, C.U., C.P. 04510 M\u00e9xico D.F., M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2872-0459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezequiel","family":"Fuentes-Panan\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Virolog\u00eda y C\u00e1ncer, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez. Dr. M\u00e1rquez 162, Col. Doctores, C.P. 06720. M\u00e9xico D.F., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.12.5.696","article-title":"A transmissible avian neoplasm. 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