{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:12:45Z","timestamp":1774555965267,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]],"date-time":"2015-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Public Welfare (Agricultural) Industry Research Special Program","award":["No.201303032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.201303032"]}]},{"name":"Public Welfare (Agricultural) Industry Research Special Program","award":["NO.201303042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.201303042"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Funds of China","award":["No.31402173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.31402173"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.2012ZX10004214002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2012ZX10004214002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies remains an important public health threat in most developing countries. To develop a more effective and safe vaccine against rabies, we have constructed a chimeric rabies virus-like particle (VLP), which containing glycoprotein (G) and matrix protein (M) of rabies virus (RABV) Evelyn-Rokitnicki-Abelseth (ERA) strain, and membrane-anchored granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and it was named of EVLP-G. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of EVLP-G against RABV were evaluated by intramuscular administration in a mouse model. The EVLP-G was successfully produced in insect cells by coinfection with three recombinant baculoviruses expressing G, M, and  GM-CSF, respectively. The membrane-anchored GM-CSF possesses a strong adjuvant activity. More B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) were recruited and\/or activated in inguinal lymph nodes in mice immunized with EVLP-G. EVLP-G was found to induce a significantly increased RABV-specific virus-neutralizing antibody and elicit a larger and broader antibody subclass responses compared with the standard rabies VLP (sRVLP, consisting of G and M). The EVLP-G also elicited significantly more IFN-\u03b3- or IL-4-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than the sRVLP. Moreover, the immune responses induced by EVLP-G protect all vaccinated mice from lethal challenge with RABV. These results suggest that EVLP-G has the potential to be developed as a novel vaccine candidate for the prevention and control of animal rabies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v7031134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]],"date-time":"2015-03-11T10:50:21Z","timestamp":1426071021000},"page":"1134-1152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Chimeric Rabies Virus-Like Particles Containing  Membrane-Anchored GM-CSF Enhances the  Immune Response against Rabies Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0569-3240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongtao","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science,  666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinglin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science,  666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hualei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science,  666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuexing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science,  666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science,  666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science,  666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7557-6982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songtao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science,  666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianzhu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science,  666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050382","article-title":"Survival after treatment of rabies with induction of coma","volume":"352","author":"Willoughby","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. 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