{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:05:37Z","timestamp":1791223537059,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes cancer (Adult T cell Leukemia, ATL) and a spectrum of inflammatory diseases (mainly HTLV-associated myelopathy\u2014tropical spastic paraparesis, HAM\/TSP). Since virions are particularly unstable, HTLV-1 transmission primarily occurs by transfer of a cell carrying an integrated provirus. After transcription, the viral genomic RNA undergoes reverse transcription and integration into the chromosomal DNA of a cell from the newly infected host. The virus then replicates by either one of two modes: (i) an infectious cycle by virus budding and infection of new targets and (ii) mitotic division of cells harboring an integrated provirus. HTLV-1 replication initiates a series of mechanisms in the host including antiviral immunity and checkpoint control of cell proliferation. HTLV-1 has elaborated strategies to counteract these defense mechanisms allowing continuous persistence in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v7072793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]],"date-time":"2015-07-08T10:10:02Z","timestamp":1436350202000},"page":"3603-3624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Modes of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Transmission, Replication and Persistence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Carpentier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Yves","family":"Barez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Hamaidia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Gazon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alix","family":"De Brogniez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srikanth","family":"Perike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Gillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Willems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Li\u00e8ge (ULg), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e388","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388","article-title":"Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection","volume":"3","author":"Gessain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. 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