{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:22:18Z","timestamp":1791343338297,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":313,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,17]],"date-time":"2015-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the 26 years since the discovery of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) a major global research effort has illuminated many aspects of the viral life cycle, facilitating the development of targeted antivirals. Recently, effective direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens with &gt;90% cure rates have become available for treatment of chronic HCV infection in developed nations, representing a significant advance towards global eradication. However, the high cost of these treatments results in highly restricted access in developing nations, where the disease burden is greatest. Additionally, the largely asymptomatic nature of infection facilitates continued transmission in at risk groups and resource constrained settings due to limited surveillance. Consequently a prophylactic vaccine is much needed. The HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are located on the surface of viral lipid envelope, facilitate viral entry and are the targets for host immunity, in addition to other functions. Unfortunately, the extreme global genetic and antigenic diversity exhibited by the HCV glycoproteins represents a significant obstacle to vaccine development. Here we review current knowledge of HCV envelope protein structure, integrating knowledge of genetic, antigenic and functional diversity to inform rational immunogen design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v7072809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,17]],"date-time":"2015-07-17T11:18:48Z","timestamp":1437131928000},"page":"3995-4046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Genetic Diversity Underlying the Envelope Glycoproteins of Hepatitis C Virus: Structural and Functional Consequences and the Implications for Vaccine Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Tarr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanvi","family":"Khera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centrefor Infection Research (HZI), Hannover D-30625, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Hueging","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centrefor Infection Research (HZI), Hannover D-30625, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centrefor Infection Research (HZI), Hannover D-30625, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eike","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centrefor Infection Research (HZI), Hannover D-30625, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Pietschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centrefor Infection Research (HZI), Hannover D-30625, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38124, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centrefor Infection Research (HZI), Hannover D-30625, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2523562","article-title":"Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome","volume":"244","author":"Choo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.19","article-title":"Natural reservoirs for homologs of hepatitis C virus","volume":"3","author":"Pfaender","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.01.007","article-title":"Murine models of hepatitis C: What can we look forward to?","volume":"104","author":"Ploss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70216-4","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Shepard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.027","article-title":"Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"61","author":"Gower","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10159","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01180-10","article-title":"Characterization of the envelope glycoproteins associated with infectious hepatitis C virus","volume":"84","author":"Vieyres","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6964","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00024-06","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus entry depends on clathrin-mediated endocytosis","volume":"80","author":"Blanchard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11571","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01717-06","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus entry requires a critical postinternalization step and delivery to early endosomes via clathrin-coated vesicles","volume":"80","author":"Meertens","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.4.1734-1741.2006","article-title":"Time- and temperature-dependent activation of hepatitis C virus for low-pH-triggered entry","volume":"80","author":"Tscherne","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021756","article-title":"Infectious hepatitis C virus pseudo-particles containing functional E1-E2 envelope protein complexes","volume":"197","author":"Bartosch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20542","article-title":"Characterization of host-range and cell entry properties of the major genotypes and subtypes of hepatitis C virus","volume":"41","author":"Lavillette","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7271","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0832180100","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus glycoproteins mediate pH-dependent cell entry of pseudotyped retroviral particles","volume":"100","author":"Hsu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5390.938","article-title":"Binding of hepatitis C virus to CD81","volume":"282","author":"Pileri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf529","article-title":"The human scavenger receptor class B type I is a novel candidate receptor for the hepatitis C virus","volume":"21","author":"Scarselli","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-7-1629","article-title":"Coexpression of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins E1 and E2 in cis improves the stability of membrane insertion of E2","volume":"82","author":"Cocquerel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.8.3623-3633.2000","article-title":"Charged residues in the transmembrane domains of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins play a major role in the processing, subcellular localization, and assembly of these envelope proteins","volume":"74","author":"Cocquerel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02170-10","article-title":"Identification of new functional regions in hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2","volume":"85","author":"Albecka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02313-10","article-title":"Production of hepatitis C virus lacking the envelope-encoding genes for single-cycle infection by providing homologous envelope proteins or vesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteins in trans","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27190","article-title":"Incorporation of primary patient-derived glycoproteins into authentic infectious hepatitis C virus particles","volume":"60","author":"Doerrbecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.049676-0","article-title":"Natural selection of adaptive mutations in non-structural genes increases trans-encapsidation of hepatitis C virus replicons lacking envelope protein genes","volume":"94","author":"Fournier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.2008.006049-0","article-title":"Expression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) structural proteins in trans facilitates encapsidation and transmission of HCV subgenomic RNA","volume":"90","author":"Adair","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7034","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00118-08","article-title":"Efficient trans-encapsidation of hepatitis C virus RNAs into infectious virus-like particles","volume":"82","author":"Steinmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81140-0","article-title":"Contribution of the charged residues of hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2 transmembrane domain to the functions of the E1E2 heterodimer","volume":"86","author":"Ciczora","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.3.2183-2191.1998","article-title":"A retention signal necessary and sufficient for endoplasmic reticulum localization maps to the transmembrane domain of hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2","volume":"72","author":"Cocquerel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02198-06","article-title":"Transmembrane domains of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins: Residues involved in E1E2 heterodimerization and involvement of these domains in virus entry","volume":"81","author":"Ciczora","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31428","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M003003200","article-title":"The transmembrane domains of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 play a major role in heterodimerization","volume":"275","author":"Montserret","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26733","article-title":"Critical interaction between E1 and E2 glycoproteins determines binding and fusion properties of hepatitis C virus during cell entry","volume":"59","author":"Douam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-4-887","article-title":"Analysis of the glycosylation sites of hepatitis C virus (HCV) glycoprotein E1 and the influence of E1 glycans on the formation of the HCV glycoprotein complex","volume":"80","author":"Meunier","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8400","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8400-8409.2005","article-title":"Role of N-linked glycans in the functions of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins","volume":"79","author":"Goffard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-010-0088-9","article-title":"Specific interaction of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins with mannan binding lectin inhibits virus entry","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05396-11","article-title":"Role of conserved cysteine residues in hepatitis C virus glycoprotein e2 folding and function","volume":"86","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02659-12","article-title":"Disulfide bonds in hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E1 control the assembly and entry functions of E2 glycoprotein","volume":"87","author":"Wahid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12422","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01660-14","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E likely contributes to a maturation step of infectious hepatitis C virus particles and interacts with viral envelope glycoproteins","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.11.034","article-title":"Folding and dimerization of hepatitis C virus E1 and E2 glycoproteins in stably transfected CHO cells","volume":"332","author":"Brazzoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1268","article-title":"Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genome","volume":"11","author":"Wakita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81428-0","article-title":"Assembly of functional hepatitis C virus glycoproteins on infectious pseudoparticles occurs intracellularly and requires concomitant incorporation of E1 and E2 glycoproteins","volume":"86","author":"Sandrin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0134(20000815)40:3<355::AID-PROT20>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"A model for the hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2","volume":"40","author":"Yagnik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6782","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.8.6782-6790.1999","article-title":"Functional analysis of cell surface-expressed hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein","volume":"73","author":"Flint","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6986","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0832193100","article-title":"A ligand-binding pocket in the dengue virus envelope glycoprotein","volume":"100","author":"Modis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02165","article-title":"Structure of the dengue virus envelope protein after membrane fusion","volume":"427","author":"Modis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000762","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000762","article-title":"The disulfide bonds in glycoprotein E2 of hepatitis C virus reveal the tertiary organization of the molecule","volume":"6","author":"Krey","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243876","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus E2 envelope glycoprotein core structure","volume":"342","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-16-89","article-title":"Mutagenesis of the fusion peptide-like domain of hepatitis C virus E1 glycoprotein: Involvement in cell fusion and virus entry","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82567-0","article-title":"Mutagenesis of a conserved fusion peptide-like motif and membrane-proximal heptad-repeat region of hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E1","volume":"88","author":"Drummer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2009.10.018","article-title":"Structural characterization of the transmembrane proximal region of the hepatitis C virus E1 glycoprotein","volume":"1798","author":"Spadaccini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01111.x","article-title":"Mutational analysis of the hepatitis C virus E1 glycoprotein in retroviral pseudoparticles and cell-culture-derived H77\/JFH1 chimeric infectious virus particles","volume":"16","author":"Russell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6805","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1300524110","article-title":"Crystal structure of glycoprotein E2 from bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.12.001","article-title":"Structure of a pestivirus envelope glycoprotein E2 clarifies its role in cell entry","volume":"3","author":"Iourin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13117","article-title":"Structure of the core ectodomain of the hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein 2","volume":"509","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9505","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307527110","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis of hepatitis C virus particles","volume":"110","author":"Catanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10999","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00526-10","article-title":"Ultrastructural and biophysical characterization of hepatitis C virus particles produced in cell culture","volume":"84","author":"Gastaminza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8695","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00271-06","article-title":"Identification of conserved residues in the E2 envelope glycoprotein of the hepatitis C virus that are critical for CD81 binding","volume":"80","author":"Owsianka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-5-46","article-title":"Dissecting the role of putative CD81 binding regions of E2 in mediating HCV entry: Putative CD81 binding region 1 is not involved in CD81 binding","volume":"5","author":"Rothwangl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10584","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01402-14","article-title":"Identification of conserved residues in hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2 that modulate virus dependence on CD81 and SRB1 entry factors","volume":"88","author":"Lavie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5751","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02200-09","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1 modulates receptor interactions, conceals the CD81 binding site, and protects conserved neutralizing epitopes","volume":"84","author":"Bankwitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12644","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01145-14","article-title":"Role of hypervariable region 1 for the interplay of hepatitis C virus with entry factors and lipoproteins","volume":"88","author":"Bankwitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8217","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8217-8229.2005","article-title":"An interplay between hypervariable region 1 of the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein, the scavenger receptor BI, and high-density lipoprotein promotes both enhancement of infection and protection against neutralizing antibodies","volume":"79","author":"Bartosch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15331","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.24.15331-15341.2005","article-title":"Basic residues in hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein e2 contribute to virus entry","volume":"79","author":"Callens","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35631","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.382341","article-title":"Three different functional microdomains in the hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) mediate entry and immune evasion","volume":"287","author":"Guan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83065-0","article-title":"Determination of the human antibody response to the epitope defined by the hepatitis C virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody AP33","volume":"88","author":"Tarr","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06492-11","article-title":"Naturally occurring antibodies that recognize linear epitopes in the amino terminus of the hepatitis C virus E2 protein confer noninterfering, additive neutralization","volume":"86","author":"Tarr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02190-14","article-title":"Structural flexibility of a conserved antigenic region in hepatitis C virus glycoprotein e2 recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies","volume":"89","author":"Meola","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12923","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02052-12","article-title":"Toward a hepatitis C virus vaccine: The structural basis of hepatitis C virus neutralization by AP33, a broadly neutralizing antibody","volume":"86","author":"Potter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13085","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01939-12","article-title":"Structure of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2 antigenic site 412 to 423 in complex with antibody AP33","volume":"86","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9499","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202924109","article-title":"Structural basis of hepatitis C virus neutralization by broadly neutralizing antibody HCV1","volume":"109","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10117","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.643528","article-title":"Structural basis for penetration of the glycan shield of hepatitis c virus e2 glycoprotein by a broadly neutralizing human antibody","volume":"290","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/375291a0","article-title":"The envelope glycoprotein from tick-borne encephalitis virus at 2 A resolution","volume":"375","author":"Rey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-5-1055","article-title":"Processing of the E1 glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus expressed in mammalian cells","volume":"77","author":"Cahour","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9380","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus E1 protein induces modification of membrane permeability in E. coli cells","volume":"250","author":"Ciccaglione","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11205","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.22.11205-11217.2001","article-title":"Folding of hepatitis C virus E1 glycoprotein in a cell-free system","volume":"75","author":"Merola","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4874","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5874","article-title":"Unexpected structure for the N-terminal domain of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E1","volume":"5","author":"Iourin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.043182-0","article-title":"Application of next-generation sequencing technologies in virology","volume":"93","author":"Radford","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001795","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001795","article-title":"A public health approach to hepatitis C control in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"12","author":"Suthar","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24523","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus E1 envelope glycoprotein interacts with apolipoproteins in facilitating entry into hepatocytes","volume":"54","author":"Mazumdar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12020","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01569-08","article-title":"Identification of a residue in hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein that determines scavenger receptor BI and CD81 receptor dependency and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies","volume":"82","author":"Grove","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7844","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00029-06","article-title":"A conserved Gly436-Trp-Leu-Ala-Gly-Leu-Phe-Tyr motif in hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2 is a determinant of CD81 binding and viral entry","volume":"80","author":"Drummer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82357-0","article-title":"Cross-genotype characterization of genetic diversity and molecular adaptation in hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein genes","volume":"88","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114016","article-title":"Complete replication of hepatitis C virus in cell culture","volume":"309","author":"Lindenbach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20819","article-title":"Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes","volume":"42","author":"Simmonds","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26744","article-title":"Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: Updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource","volume":"59","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1038\/474S2a","article-title":"Introduction: A smouldering public-health crisis","volume":"474","author":"Gravitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27259","article-title":"Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes","volume":"61","author":"Messina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i17.2436","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Alter","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000198","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000198","article-title":"The global spread of hepatitis C virus 1a and 1b: A phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis","volume":"6","author":"Magiorkinis","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058321","article-title":"The epidemic behavior of the hepatitis C virus","volume":"292","author":"Pybus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000096","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000096","article-title":"What are the prospects for controlling hepatitis C?","volume":"6","author":"Klenerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80401-0","article-title":"Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus\u201415 years on","volume":"85","author":"Simmonds","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01745-13","article-title":"Analysis of serine codon conservation reveals diverse phenotypic constraints on hepatitis C virus glycoprotein evolution","volume":"88","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5915","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05959-11","article-title":"Computational reconstruction of Bole1a, a representative synthetic hepatitis C virus subtype 1a genome","volume":"86","author":"Munshaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke, L.P., Munshaw, S., Osburn, W.O., Levine, J., Liu, L., Sidney, J., Sette, A., Ray, S.C., and Cox, A.L. (2012). Immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of a representative ancestral sequence in hepatitis C virus infection. J. Immunol., 5177\u20135188.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103008"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02660-07","article-title":"Deciphering human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission and early envelope diversification by single-genome amplification and sequencing","volume":"82","author":"Bailes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02271-09","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus transmission bottlenecks analyzed by deep sequencing","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.7.4340-4346.2005","article-title":"Wide range of quasispecies diversity during primary hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"79","author":"Herring","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002880","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002880","article-title":"Elucidation of hepatitis C virus transmission and early diversification by single genome sequencing","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02518-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02518-14","article-title":"Identification, molecular cloning, and analysis of full-length hepatitis C virus transmitted\/founder genotypes 1, 3, and 4","volume":"6","author":"Stoddard","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02510-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02510-14","article-title":"Transmitted\/founder hepatitis c viruses induce cell-type- and genotype-specific differences in innate signaling within the liver","volume":"6","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti079","article-title":"HyPhy: Hypothesis testing using phylogenies","volume":"21","author":"Pond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","article-title":"MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0","volume":"30","author":"Tamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/19.1.163","article-title":"ConSurf: identification of functional regions in proteins by surface-mapping of phylogenetic information","volume":"19","author":"Glaser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11956","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01079-12","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein fitness defines virus population composition following transmission to a new host","volume":"86","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13609","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02119-13","article-title":"Sequence and functional analysis of the envelope glycoproteins of hepatitis C virus variants selectively transmitted to a new host","volume":"87","author":"Moreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3351","article-title":"Loss of immune escape mutations during persistent HCV infection in pregnancy enhances replication of vertically transmitted viruses","volume":"19","author":"Honegger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8432","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00749-12","article-title":"Unexpected maintenance of hepatitis C viral diversity following liver transplantation","volume":"86","author":"Gray","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090766","article-title":"Viral entry and escape from antibody-mediated neutralization influence hepatitis C virus reinfection in liver transplantation","volume":"207","author":"Fofana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002881","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002881","article-title":"Quantifying the diversification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) during primary infection: Estimates of the in vivo mutation rate","volume":"8","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1086\/657317","article-title":"Dynamic coinfection with multiple viral subtypes in acute hepatitis C","volume":"202","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.057828-0","article-title":"Use of short tandem repeat fingerprinting to validate sample origins in hepatitis C virus molecular epidemiology studies","volume":"95","author":"Edwards","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1086\/657318","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C virus infection: A dynamic-and challenging-concept","volume":"202","author":"Irving","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5464.339","article-title":"The outcome of acute hepatitis C predicted by the evolution of the viral quasispecies","volume":"288","author":"Farci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.2938-2946.1999","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C virus structural gene sequences as predictors of persistent viremia: Hypervariable region 1 as a decoy","volume":"73","author":"Ray","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.7.3447-3454.2004","article-title":"High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis c virus adaptation and its relationship to disease progression","volume":"78","author":"Sheridan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002243","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002243","article-title":"Sequential bottlenecks drive viral evolution in early acute hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Bull","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11833","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02654-10","article-title":"Transmission of clonal hepatitis C virus genomes reveals the dominant but transitory role of CD8(+) T cells in early viral evolution","volume":"85","author":"Callendret","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11658","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00995-07","article-title":"Viral sequence evolution in acute hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"81","author":"Kuntzen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5478","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03717-14","article-title":"The transmitted\/founder viruses rapidly escape from CD8+ T cell responses in acute hepatitis C infection","volume":"89","author":"Bull","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.080","article-title":"Selection pressure from neutralizing antibodies drives sequence evolution during acute infection with hepatitis C virus","volume":"136","author":"Dowd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27013","article-title":"Clearance of hepatitis C infection is associated with the early appearance of broad neutralizing antibody responses","volume":"59","author":"Osburn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6025","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607026104","article-title":"Rapid induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies and viral clearance in a single-source outbreak of hepatitis C","volume":"104","author":"Pestka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003934","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003934","article-title":"Inferring viral dynamics in chronically HCV infected patients from the spatial distribution of infected hepatocytes","volume":"10","author":"Graw","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14562","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210592109","article-title":"Profibrogenic chemokines and viral evolution predict rapid progression of hepatitis C to cirrhosis","volume":"109","author":"Farci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8475","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602546103","article-title":"Evolution of hepatitis C viral quasispecies and hepatic injury in perinatally infected children followed prospectively","volume":"103","author":"Farci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.02.012","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein co-evolutionary dynamics during chronic hepatitis C","volume":"375","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80957-0","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis C virus envelope genes during chronic infection","volume":"86","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13709","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01732-14","article-title":"Analysis of the evolution and structure of a complex intrahost viral population in chronic hepatitis C virus mapped by ultradeep pyrosequencing","volume":"88","author":"Palmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6369","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02204-10","article-title":"Temporal variations in the hepatitis C virus intrahost population during chronic infection","volume":"85","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12582","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01440-12","article-title":"Constraints on viral evolution during chronic hepatitis C virus infection arising from a common-source exposure","volume":"86","author":"Bailey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10149","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403519101","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody response during acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"101","author":"Logvinoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.12.008","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus continuously escapes from neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses during chronic infection in vivo","volume":"132","author":"Yoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.07.009","article-title":"Development of a high-throughput pyrosequencing assay for monitoring temporal evolution and resistance associated variant emergence in the Hepatitis C virus protease coding-region","volume":"110","author":"Irving","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9782","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.18.9782-9789.2004","article-title":"Long-term persistence of infection in chimpanzees inoculated with an infectious hepatitis C virus clone is associated with a decrease in the viral amino acid substitution rate and low levels of heterogeneity","volume":"78","author":"Fernandez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01872-07","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to the e1 glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus","volume":"82","author":"Meunier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7257","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.13.7257-7263.2004","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibody to hepatitis C virus E1 glycoprotein that blocks virus attachment and viral infectivity","volume":"78","author":"Keck","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.02.002","article-title":"A candidate vaccine based on the hepatitis C E1 protein: Tolerability and immunogenicity in healthy volunteers","volume":"22","author":"Depla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66872","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066872","article-title":"Determination of the human antibody response to the neutralization epitopes encompassing amino acids 313\u2013327 and 432\u2013443 of hepatitis C virus E1E2 glycoproteins","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15394","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.26.15394","article-title":"Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees by hyperimmune serum against the hypervariable region 1 of the envelope 2 protein","volume":"93","author":"Farci","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(01)00180-2","article-title":"Hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus: Immunological decoy or biologically relevant domain?","volume":"52","author":"Mondelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.028092-0","article-title":"Characterization of antibody-mediated neutralization directed against the hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein","volume":"92","author":"Vieyres","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7005","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00586-11","article-title":"Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis C virus E2 protein bind discontinuous epitopes and inhibit infection at a postattachment step","volume":"85","author":"Sabo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10407","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.22.10407-10416.2000","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibodies that inhibit binding of hepatitis C virus E2 protein to CD81 and recognize conserved conformational epitopes","volume":"74","author":"Hadlock","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6061","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02475-07","article-title":"Definition of a conserved immunodominant domain on hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein by neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies","volume":"82","author":"Keck","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01710-06","article-title":"Immunogenic and functional organization of hepatitis C virus (HCV) glycoprotein E2 on infectious HCV virions","volume":"81","author":"Keck","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002653","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibodies to a novel cluster of conformational epitopes on HCV E2 with resistance to neutralization escape in a genotype 2a isolate","volume":"8","author":"Keck","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10451","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05259-11","article-title":"Mapping a region of hepatitis C virus E2 that is responsible for escape from neutralizing antibodies and a core CD81-binding region that does not tolerate neutralization escape mutations","volume":"85","author":"Keck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9202","article-title":"Characterization of human monoclonal antibodies specific to the hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2 with in vitro binding neutralization properties","volume":"249","author":"Habersetzer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1698","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies protect against hepatitis C virus quasispecies challenge","volume":"14","author":"Law","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705522104","article-title":"Human combinatorial libraries yield rare antibodies that broadly neutralize hepatitis C virus","volume":"104","author":"Johansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01986-07","article-title":"Identification of a broadly cross-reacting and neutralizing human monoclonal antibody directed against the hepatitis C virus E2 protein","volume":"82","author":"Perotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.06.042","article-title":"Cross-reactive pseudovirus-neutralizing anti-envelope antibodies coexist with antibodies devoid of such activity in persistent hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"327","author":"Burioni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9986","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.20.9986-9990.2001","article-title":"Mapping B-cell epitopes of hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein using human monoclonal antibodies from phage display libraries","volume":"75","author":"Bugli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6205","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114927109","article-title":"Human broadly neutralizing antibodies to the envelope glycoprotein complex of hepatitis C virus","volume":"109","author":"Giang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.02.013","article-title":"The past, present and future of neutralizing antibodies for hepatitis C virus","volume":"105","author":"Ball","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.035956-0","article-title":"The role of neutralizing antibodies in hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"93","author":"Edwards","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.2.1118-1126.1999","article-title":"Viral persistence, antibody to E1 and E2, and hypervariable region 1 sequence stability in hepatitis C virus-inoculated chimpanzees","volume":"73","author":"Bassett","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.09.017","article-title":"Spontaneous control of primary hepatitis C virus infection and immunity against persistent reinfection","volume":"138","author":"Osburn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6023","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.10.6023-6034.2005","article-title":"Human serum facilitates hepatitis C virus infection, and neutralizing responses inversely correlate with viral replication kinetics at the acute phase of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"79","author":"Lavillette","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01332-10","article-title":"Hepatitis C patient-derived glycoproteins exhibit marked differences in susceptibility to serum neutralizing antibodies: Genetic subtype defines antigenic but not neutralization serotype","volume":"85","author":"Tarr","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4560","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501275102","article-title":"Evidence for cross-genotype neutralization of hepatitis C virus pseudo-particles and enhancement of infectivity by apolipoprotein C1","volume":"102","author":"Meunier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7672","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.15.7672-7682.2002","article-title":"Analysis of antigenicity and topology of E2 glycoprotein present on recombinant hepatitis C virus-like particles","volume":"76","author":"Clayton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6235","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.8.6235-6244.1999","article-title":"Characterization of hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein interaction with a putative cellular receptor, CD81","volume":"73","author":"Flint","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11095","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.17.11095-11104.2005","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody AP33 defines a broadly neutralizing epitope on the hepatitis C virus E2 envelope glycoprotein","volume":"79","author":"Owsianka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19450","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809879105","article-title":"In vitro selection of a neutralization-resistant hepatitis C virus escape mutant","volume":"105","author":"Keck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14278","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01911-14","article-title":"Recombinant hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein vaccine elicits antibodies targeting multiple epitopes on the envelope glycoproteins associated with broad cross-neutralization","volume":"88","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26430","article-title":"An alpaca nanobody inhibits hepatitis C virus entry and cell-to-cell transmission","volume":"58","author":"Tarr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5502","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03574-13","article-title":"Combined adenovirus vector and hepatitis C virus envelope protein prime-boost regimen elicits T cell and neutralizing antibody immune responses","volume":"88","author":"Chmielewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.08.053","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein immunization of rodents elicits cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies","volume":"25","author":"Stamataki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir399","article-title":"Immunization of human volunteers with hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins elicits antibodies that cross-neutralize heterologous virus strains","volume":"204","author":"Stamataki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir423","article-title":"Clearance of genotype 1b hepatitis C virus in chimpanzees in the presence of vaccine-induced E1-neutralizing antibodies","volume":"204","author":"Verstrepen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10459","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01584-14","article-title":"Fine mapping of murine antibody responses to immunization with a novel soluble form of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein complex","volume":"88","author":"Ruwona","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21088","article-title":"Characterization of the hepatitis C virus E2 epitope defined by the broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody AP33","volume":"43","author":"Tarr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8101","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-07","article-title":"The neutralizing activity of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies is modulated by specific glycans on the E2 envelope protein","volume":"81","author":"Helle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.02.025","article-title":"Glycan shifting on hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 glycoprotein is a mechanism for escape from broadly neutralizing antibodies","volume":"425","author":"Pantua","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit376","article-title":"Additional glycosylation within a specific hypervariable region of subtype 3a of hepatitis C virus protects against virus neutralization","volume":"208","author":"Anjum","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25177","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M602431200","article-title":"Cyanovirin-N inhibits hepatitis C virus entry by binding to envelope protein glycans","volume":"281","author":"Helle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4590","DOI":"10.1021\/mp400399b","article-title":"Inhibition of hepatitis C virus by the cyanobacterial protein Microcystis viridis lectin: Mechanistic differences between the high-mannose specific lectins MVL, CV-N, and GNA","volume":"10","author":"Kachko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1159\/000362209","article-title":"Recombinant human L-ficolin directly neutralizes hepatitis C virus entry","volume":"6","author":"Hamed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302563","article-title":"Ficolin-2 inhibits hepatitis C virus infection, whereas apolipoprotein E3 mediates viral immune escape","volume":"193","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31242","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.365924","article-title":"Characterization of hepatitis C virus particle subpopulations reveals multiple usage of the scavenger receptor BI for entry steps","volume":"287","author":"Granier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7256","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.07222-11","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus attachment mediated by apolipoprotein E binding to cell surface heparan sulfate","volume":"86","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32357","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705358200","article-title":"The exchangeable apolipoprotein ApoC-I promotes membrane fusion of hepatitis C virus","volume":"282","author":"Dreux","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81932-0","article-title":"High-density lipoproteins reduce the neutralizing effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patient antibodies by promoting HCV entry","volume":"87","author":"Voisset","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18285","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M602706200","article-title":"High density lipoprotein inhibits hepatitis C virus-neutralizing antibodies by stimulating cell entry via activation of the scavenger receptor BI","volume":"281","author":"Dreux","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01592-10","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody-resistant hepatitis C virus cell-to-cell transmission","volume":"85","author":"Brimacombe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.006700-0","article-title":"CD81 is dispensable for hepatitis C virus cell-to-cell transmission in hepatoma cells","volume":"90","author":"Witteveldt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21959","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus cell-cell transmission in hepatoma cells in the presence of neutralizing antibodies","volume":"47","author":"Timpe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.01.019","article-title":"Early infection events highlight the limited transmissibility of hepatitis C virus in vitro","volume":"58","author":"Meredith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01815-13","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E codetermines tissue tropism of hepatitis C virus and is crucial for viral cell-to-cell transmission by contributing to a postenvelopment step of assembly","volume":"88","author":"Hueging","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64221","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064221","article-title":"A novel monoclonal anti-CD81 antibody produced by genetic immunization efficiently inhibits Hepatitis C virus cell-cell transmission","volume":"8","author":"Fofana","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24692","article-title":"A human monoclonal antibody targeting scavenger receptor class B type I precludes hepatitis C virus infection and viral spread in vitro and in vivo","volume":"55","author":"Meuleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004128","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus cell-cell transmission and resistance to direct-acting antiviral agents","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7418","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305306110","article-title":"Structural evidence for a bifurcated mode of action in the antibody-mediated neutralization of hepatitis C virus","volume":"110","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902749106","article-title":"Depletion of interfering antibodies in chronic hepatitis C patients and vaccinated chimpanzees reveals broad cross-genotype neutralizing activity","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23699","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023699","article-title":"A weak neutralizing antibody response to hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein enhances virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Meyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01867-07","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"82","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01941-12","article-title":"Cooperativity in virus neutralization by human monoclonal antibodies to two adjacent regions located at the amino terminus of hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein","volume":"87","author":"Keck","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8449","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703039104","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus epitope-specific neutralizing antibodies in Igs prepared from human plasma","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10690","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411317111","article-title":"Discrete conformations of epitope II on the hepatitis C virus E2 protein for antibody-mediated neutralization and nonneutralization","volume":"111","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000060","article-title":"The neonatal Fc receptor does not modulate hepatitis C virus neutralization","volume":"96","author":"Morel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05654","article-title":"Claudin-1 is a hepatitis C virus co-receptor required for a late step in entry","volume":"446","author":"Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07684","article-title":"Human occludin is a hepatitis C virus entry factor required for infection of mouse cells","volume":"457","author":"Ploss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41003","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302267200","article-title":"Cellular binding of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2 requires cell surface heparan sulfate","volume":"278","author":"Barth","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5308","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02460-05","article-title":"Characterization of the early steps of hepatitis C virus infection by using luciferase reporter viruses","volume":"80","author":"Koutsoudakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12766","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.22.12766","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and other flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor","volume":"96","author":"Agnello","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2341","article-title":"EGFR and EphA2 are host factors for hepatitis C virus entry and possible targets for antiviral therapy","volume":"17","author":"Lupberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2581","article-title":"Identification of the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 cholesterol absorption receptor as a new hepatitis C virus entry factor","volume":"18","author":"Sainz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.02.006","article-title":"HRas signal transduction promotes hepatitis C virus cell entry by triggering assembly of the host tetraspanin receptor complex","volume":"13","author":"Zona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10777","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301764110","article-title":"Identification of transferrin receptor 1 as a hepatitis C virus entry factor","volume":"110","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8433","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00081-14","article-title":"Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector b is required for hepatitis C virus entry into hepatocytes","volume":"88","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004163","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004163","article-title":"Integrative functional genomics of hepatitis C virus infection identifies host dependencies in complete viral replication cycle","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6919","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.14.6919-6928.2002","article-title":"Characterization of low- and very-low-density hepatitis C virus RNA-containing particles","volume":"76","author":"Andre","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.5.2418-2428.2006","article-title":"Association between hepatitis C virus and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)\/LDL analyzed in iodixanol density gradients","volume":"80","author":"Nielsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198849","article-title":"Association of hepatitis C virus in human sera with beta-lipoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Thomssen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.175018","article-title":"Biochemical and morphological properties of hepatitis C virus particles and determination of their lipidome","volume":"286","author":"Merz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.08.037","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E on hepatitis C virion facilitates infection through interaction with low-density lipoprotein receptor","volume":"394","author":"Owen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12048","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01063-10","article-title":"Infectivity of hepatitis C virus is influenced by association with apolipoprotein E isoforms","volume":"84","author":"Hishiki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4728fje","article-title":"The interaction of natural hepatitis C virus with human scavenger receptor SR-BI\/Cla1 is mediated by ApoB-containing lipoproteins","volume":"20","author":"Maillard","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13783","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01091-07","article-title":"Human apolipoprotein e is required for infectivity and production of hepatitis C virus in cell culture","volume":"81","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22673","article-title":"Development and characterization of hepatitis C virus genotype 1\u20137 cell culture systems: Role of CD81 and scavenger receptor class B type I and effect of antiviral drugs","volume":"49","author":"Gottwein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12465","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01457-07","article-title":"Claudin-6 and claudin-9 function as additional coreceptors for hepatitis C virus","volume":"81","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01977-07","article-title":"The tight junction proteins claudin-1, -6, and -9 are entry cofactors for hepatitis C virus","volume":"82","author":"Meertens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26567","article-title":"Isolate-dependent use of claudins for cell entry by hepatitis C virus","volume":"59","author":"Haid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopcraft, S.E., and Evans, M.J. (2015). Selection of a hepatitis C virus with altered entry factor requirements reveals a genetic interaction between the E1 glycoprotein and claudins. Hepatology.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27815"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003244","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003244","article-title":"Temporal analysis of hepatitis C virus cell entry with occludin directed blocking antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Sourisseau","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11082","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01307-06","article-title":"Persistent hepatitis C virus infection in vitro: Coevolution of virus and host","volume":"80","author":"Zhong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.09.006","article-title":"A single point mutation in E2 enhances hepatitis C virus infectivity and alters lipoprotein association of viral particles","volume":"395","author":"Tao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.026385-0","article-title":"The variable regions of hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2 have an essential structural role in glycoprotein assembly and virion infectivity","volume":"92","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13318","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.230453597","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus lacking the hypervariable region 1 of the second envelope protein is infectious and causes acute resolving or persistent infection in chimpanzees","volume":"97","author":"Forns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02017-13","article-title":"Hypervariable region 1 deletion and required adaptive envelope mutations confer decreased dependency on scavenger receptor class B type I and low-density lipoprotein receptor for hepatitis C virus","volume":"88","author":"Prentoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01594-10","article-title":"Hypervariable region 1 differentially impacts viability of hepatitis C virus strains of genotypes 1 to 6 and impairs virus neutralization","volume":"85","author":"Prentoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.013","article-title":"HCV animal models and liver disease","volume":"61","author":"Vercauteren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11331","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00104-06","article-title":"Diverse CD81 proteins support hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"80","author":"Flint","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11696","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01555-10","article-title":"Species-specific regions of occludin required by hepatitis C virus for cell entry","volume":"84","author":"Michta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000978","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000978","article-title":"Adaptation of hepatitis C virus to mouse CD81 permits infection of mouse cells in the absence of human entry factors","volume":"6","author":"Bitzegeio","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.026","article-title":"Hepatic cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of pigtail macaques support hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"145","author":"Sourisseau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000035","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000035","article-title":"Essential role of domain III of nonstructural protein 5A for hepatitis C virus infectious particle assembly","volume":"4","author":"Appel","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8987","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00004-12","article-title":"Cell culture-adaptive mutations promote viral protein-protein interactions and morphogenesis of infectious hepatitis C virus","volume":"86","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8374","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00690-07","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus p7 and NS2 proteins are essential for production of infectious virus","volume":"81","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01885-08","article-title":"The hepatitis C virus NS4B protein can trans-complement viral RNA replication and modulates production of infectious virus","volume":"83","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7624","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00724-08","article-title":"NS3 helicase domains involved in infectious intracellular hepatitis C virus particle assembly","volume":"82","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8379","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00891-09","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus NS2 protein contributes to virus particle assembly via opposing epistatic interactions with the E1-E2 glycoprotein and NS3-NS4A enzyme complexes","volume":"83","author":"Phan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030103","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus p7 protein is crucial for assembly and release of infectious virions","volume":"3","author":"Steinmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01890-06","article-title":"Compensatory mutations in E1, p7, NS2, and NS3 enhance yields of cell culture-infectious intergenotypic chimeric hepatitis C virus","volume":"81","author":"Yi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02053-07","article-title":"Cellular determinants of hepatitis C virus assembly, maturation, degradation, and secretion","volume":"82","author":"Gastaminza","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700760104","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus production by human hepatocytes dependent on assembly and secretion of very low-density lipoproteins","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12680","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01476-09","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E but not B is required for the formation of infectious hepatitis C virus particles","volume":"83","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11919","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01066-12","article-title":"Reconstitution of the entire hepatitis C virus life cycle in nonhepatic cells","volume":"86","author":"Turek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004534","article-title":"Amphipathic alpha-helices in apolipoproteins are crucial to the formation of infectious hepatitis C virus particles","volume":"10","author":"Fukuhara","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23865","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.213942","article-title":"Identification of interactions in the E1E2 heterodimer of hepatitis C virus important for cell entry","volume":"286","author":"Maurin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00684-12","article-title":"Characterization of hepatitis C virus recombinants with chimeric E1\/E2 envelope proteins and identification of single amino acids in the E2 stem region important for entry","volume":"87","author":"Carlsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13297","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01708-13","article-title":"Characterization of hepatitis C virus intra- and intergenotypic chimeras reveals a role of the glycoproteins in virus envelopment","volume":"87","author":"Steinmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2521","article-title":"A variant upstream of IFNL3 (IL28B) creating a new interferon gene IFNL4 is associated with impaired clearance of hepatitis C virus","volume":"45","author":"Muchmore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2537","article-title":"Loss of function of the new interferon IFN-lambda4 may confer protection from hepatitis C","volume":"45","author":"Booth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27333","article-title":"Type I interferon rapidly restricts infectious hepatitis C virus particle genesis","volume":"60","author":"Meredith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09907","article-title":"A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral response","volume":"472","author":"Schoggins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-001-0018-9","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus evolutionary patterns studied through analysis of full-genome sequences","volume":"54","author":"Salemi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.09.029","article-title":"Viral evolution explains the associations among hepatitis C virus genotype, clinical outcomes, and human genetic variation","volume":"20","author":"Rose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5424.107","article-title":"Inhibition of the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR by HCV E2 protein","volume":"285","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.3.1265-1273.2001","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 does not inhibit PKR by simple competition with autophosphorylation sites in the RNA-binding domain","volume":"75","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e377","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-377","article-title":"Mutations in the E2-PePHD region of hepatitis C virus genotype-3a and correlation with response to interferon and ribavirin combination therapy in Pakistani patients","volume":"7","author":"Afzal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6644","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02231-07","article-title":"Mutations in E2-PePHD, NS5A-PKRBD, NS5A-ISDR, and NS5A-V3 of hepatitis C virus genotype 1 and their relationships to pegylated interferon-ribavirin treatment responses","volume":"82","author":"Casado","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i23.3722","article-title":"Mutations in carboxy-terminal part of E2 including PKR\/eIF2alpha phosphorylation homology domain and interferon sensitivity determining region of nonstructural 5A of hepatitis C virus 1b: Their correlation with response to interferon monotherapy and viral load","volume":"12","author":"Ukai","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1086\/315720","article-title":"The protein kinase-interacting domain in the hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein-2 gene is highly conserved in genotype 1-infected patients treated with interferon","volume":"182","author":"Polyak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.20527","article-title":"Mutations in the E2-PePHD and NS5A region of hepatitis C virus type 1 and the dynamics of hepatitis C viremia decline during interferon alfa treatment","volume":"32","author":"Berg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12776","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00901-13","article-title":"Identification of alpha interferon-induced envelope mutations of hepatitis C virus in vitro associated with increased viral fitness and interferon resistance","volume":"87","author":"Serre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7593","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02824-12","article-title":"Response of hepatitis C virus to long-term passage in the presence of alpha interferon: Multiple mutations and a common phenotype","volume":"87","author":"Perales","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12098","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01860-14","article-title":"Increased replicative fitness can lead to decreased drug sensitivity of hepatitis C virus","volume":"88","author":"Sheldon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.05023-11","article-title":"Viral quasispecies evolution","volume":"76","author":"Domingo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-02-413286","article-title":"HCV glycoprotein E2 is a novel BDCA-2 ligand and acts as an inhibitor of IFN production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"120","author":"Florentin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225416","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies present new prospects to counter highly antigenically diverse viruses","volume":"337","author":"Burton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-095916","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antiviral antibodies","volume":"31","author":"Corti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-08-041525","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and alanine aminotransferase kinetics following B-lymphocyte depletion with rituximab: Evidence for a significant role of humoral immunity in the control of viremia in chronic HCV liver disease","volume":"109","author":"Dustin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-11-253948","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of rituximab in patients with hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia and severe liver disease","volume":"116","author":"Petrarca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir835","article-title":"Spontaneous clearance of chronic hepatitis C virus infection is associated with appearance of neutralizing antibodies and reversal of T-cell exhaustion","volume":"205","author":"Raghuraman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12473","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01138-09","article-title":"Identification and characterization of broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies directed against the E2 envelope glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus","volume":"83","author":"Broering","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14199","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2335981100","article-title":"In vitro assay for neutralizing antibody to hepatitis C virus: Evidence for broadly conserved neutralization epitopes","volume":"100","author":"Bartosch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003364","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003364","article-title":"Structural basis of HCV neutralization by human monoclonal antibodies resistant to viral neutralization escape","volume":"9","author":"Krey","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00252-08","article-title":"A point mutation leading to hepatitis C virus escape from neutralization by a monoclonal antibody to a conserved conformational epitope","volume":"82","author":"Keck","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6149","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00248-09","article-title":"Mutations in hepatitis C virus E2 located outside the CD81 binding sites lead to escape from broadly neutralizing antibodies but compromise virus infectivity","volume":"83","author":"Keck","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002895","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002895","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibody HCV1 effectively prevents and treats HCV infection in chimpanzees","volume":"8","author":"Morin","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7792","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.16.7792","article-title":"Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees after antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization","volume":"91","author":"Farci","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_280","first-page":"254ra129","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies abrogate established hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Dorner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.4.1294","article-title":"Vaccination of chimpanzees against infection by the hepatitis C virus","volume":"91","author":"Choo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04081","article-title":"Prospects for a vaccine against the hepatitis C virus","volume":"436","author":"Houghton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00977.x","article-title":"Prospects for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against the hepatitis C viruses","volume":"239","author":"Houghton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir511","article-title":"Vaccine-induced cross-genotype reactive neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis C virus","volume":"204","author":"Meunier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.06.084","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of HCV E1E2 vaccine adjuvanted with MF59 administered to healthy adults","volume":"28","author":"Frey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59776","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059776","article-title":"A Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) vaccine comprising envelope glycoproteins gpe1\/gpe2 derived from a single isolate elicits broad cross-genotype neutralizing antibodies in humans","volume":"8","author":"Law","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Awady, M.K., El Gendy, M., Waked, I., Tabll, A.A., El Abd, Y., Bader El Din, N., El Shenawy, R., Allam, A., Abdelhafez, T.H., and Dawood, R.M. (2013). Immunogenicity and safety of HCV E1E2 peptide vaccine in chronically HCV-infected patients who did not respond to interferon based therapy. Vaccine.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.07.074"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.05.007","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies induced by cell culture\u2013derived hepatitis c virus protect against infection in mice","volume":"145","author":"Akazawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70146-X","article-title":"Plasmid DNA-based immunization for hepatitis C virus structural proteins: Immune responses in mice","volume":"112","author":"Saito","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.9877","article-title":"Vaccination of chimpanzees with plasmid DNA encoding the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope E2 protein modified the infection after challenge with homologous monoclonal HCV","volume":"32","author":"Forns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2008.01058.x","article-title":"Immunogenicity of CIGB-230, a therapeutic DNA vaccine preparation, in HCV-chronically infected individuals in a Phase I clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Shoukry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.5.8.8572","article-title":"Advances in DNA immunization against hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"5","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.01.011","article-title":"Immunogenicity of papaya mosaic virus-like particles fused to a hepatitis C virus epitope: Evidence for the critical function of multimerization","volume":"363","author":"Denis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60691-7","article-title":"Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 24\u201345 years: A randomised, double-blind trial","volume":"373","author":"Manalastas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/307178a0","article-title":"Human hepatitis B vaccine from recombinant yeast","volume":"307","author":"McAleer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.3827-3836.1998","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus structural proteins assemble into viruslike particles in insect cells","volume":"72","author":"Baumert","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_297","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Expression and self-assembly of HCV structural proteins into virus-like particles and their immunogenicity","volume":"117","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8427","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702162104","article-title":"Immunization with hepatitis C virus-like particles results in control of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees","volume":"104","author":"Elmowalid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.13.6995-7003.2004","article-title":"Immunization with hepatitis c virus-like particles induces humoral and cellular immune responses in nonhuman primates","volume":"78","author":"Jeong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50000","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus-like particles combined with novel adjuvant systems enhance virus-specific immune responses","volume":"37","author":"Qiao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.05.025","article-title":"Recombinant retrovirus-derived virus-like particle-based vaccines induce hepatitis C virus-specific cellular and neutralizing immune responses in mice","volume":"31","author":"Huret","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26132","article-title":"Chimeric hepatitis B virus\/hepatitis C virus envelope proteins elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies and constitute a potential bivalent prophylactic vaccine","volume":"57","author":"Beaumont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94ra71","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002330","article-title":"A prime-boost strategy using virus-like particles pseudotyped for hcv proteins triggers broadly neutralizing antibodies in macaques","volume":"3","author":"Garrone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.13.11","article-title":"Recent advances in antibody-inducing poxviral and adenoviral vectored vaccine delivery platforms for difficult disease targets","volume":"12","author":"Draper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7492","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02743-07","article-title":"Induction of broad CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses and cross- neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis C virus by vaccination with th1-adjuvanted polypeptides followed by defective alphaviral particles expressing envelope glycoproteins gpE1 and gpE2 and N","volume":"82","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11558","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01776-12","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing immune responses against hepatitis c virus induced by vectored measles viruses and a recombinant envelope protein booster","volume":"86","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12083","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibody MBL-HCV1 delays HCV viral rebound following liver transplantation: A randomized controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20405","article-title":"A randomized, open-label study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of human hepatitis C immune globulin (Civacir) in liver transplant recipients","volume":"11","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20876","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody HCV-AbXTL68 in patients undergoing liver transplantation for HCV: Results of a phase 2 randomized study","volume":"12","author":"Schiano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10168","article-title":"A genetically humanized mouse model for hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"474","author":"Dorner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12427","article-title":"Completion of the entire hepatitis C virus life cycle in genetically humanized mice","volume":"501","author":"Dorner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07159","article-title":"Molecular architecture of native HIV-1 gp120 trimers","volume":"455","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04817","article-title":"Distribution and three-dimensional structure of AIDS virus envelope spikes","volume":"441","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/7\/7\/2809\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:49:19Z","timestamp":1760215759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/7\/7\/2809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,17]]},"references-count":313,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v7072809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v7072809","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,17]]}}}