{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T23:39:29Z","timestamp":1785368369861,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]],"date-time":"2016-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are prevalent worldwide, and share similar means of transmission. These infections may influence each other in evolution and outcome, including cancer or immunodeficiency. Many studies have reported the influence of genetic markers on the host immune response against different persistent viral infections, such as HTLV-1 infection, pointing to the importance of the individual genetic background on their outcomes. However, despite recent advances on the knowledge of the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection, gaps in the understanding of the role of the individual genetic background on the progress to disease clinically manifested still remain. In this scenario, much less is known regarding the influence of genetic factors in the context of dual or triple infections or their influence on the underlying mechanisms that lead to outcomes that differ from those observed in monoinfection. This review describes the main factors involved in the virus\u2013host balance, especially for some particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, and other important genetic markers in the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) and other persistent viruses, such as HIV and HCV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v8020038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]],"date-time":"2016-02-03T10:06:26Z","timestamp":1454493986000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Genetic Markers of the Host in Persons Living with HTLV-1, HIV and HCV Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tatiane","family":"Assone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dermatology and Immune deficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, LIM56, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 500, 3rd Floor, Building II, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Casseb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dermatology and Immune deficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, LIM56, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 500, 3rd Floor, Building II, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.09.028","article-title":"HTLV-1: Persistence and pathogenesis","volume":"435","author":"Cook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3848","article-title":"HLA alleles determine human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) proviral load and the risk of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy","volume":"96","author":"Jeffery","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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