{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:29:09Z","timestamp":1791332949411,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]],"date-time":"2016-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that infects at least 5\u201310 million people worldwide, and is the etiological agent of a lymphoproliferative malignancy; Adult T-cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma (ATLL); and a chronic neuromyelopathy, HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM\/TSP), as well as other inflammatory diseases such as infective dermatitis and uveitis. Besides sexual intercourse and intravenous transmission, HTLV-1 can also be transmitted from infected mother to child during prolonged breastfeeding. Some characteristics that are linked to mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HTLV-1, such as the role of proviral load, antibody titer of the infected mother, and duration of breastfeeding, have been elucidated; however, most of the mechanisms underlying HTLV-1 transmission during breast feeding remain largely unknown, such as the sites of infection and cellular targets as well as the role of milk factors. The present review focuses on the latest findings and current opinions and perspectives on MTCT of HTLV-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v8020040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]],"date-time":"2016-02-03T10:06:26Z","timestamp":1454493986000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Mother-to-Child Transmission of HTLV-1 Epidemiological Aspects, Mechanisms and Determinants of Mother-to-Child Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Florent","family":"Percher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Virology Department, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"UMR CNRS 3569, Paris 75015, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Cellule Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Institut Pasteur 75015, Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Jeannin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Virology Department, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"UMR CNRS 3569, Paris 75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Martin-Latil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, Enteric Viruses Unit, Maisons-Alfort 94706, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Gessain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Virology Department, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"UMR CNRS 3569, Paris 75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Virology Department, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"UMR CNRS 3569, Paris 75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurore","family":"Vidy-Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Virology Department, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"UMR CNRS 3569, Paris 75015, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Cellule Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Institut Pasteur 75015, Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Emmanuel","family":"Ceccaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Virology Department, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"UMR CNRS 3569, Paris 75015, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Cellule Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Institut Pasteur 75015, Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 Infection","volume":"3","author":"Gessain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. 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