{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:04:14Z","timestamp":1790129054591,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,30]],"date-time":"2016-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marburg virus causes severe and often lethal viral disease in humans, and there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medical countermeasures. The sporadic occurrence of Marburg outbreaks does not allow for evaluation of countermeasures in humans, so therapeutic and vaccine candidates can only be approved through the FDA animal rule\u2014a mechanism requiring well-characterized animal models in which efficacy would be evaluated. Here, we describe a natural history study where rhesus macaques were surgically implanted with telemetry devices and central venous catheters prior to aerosol exposure with Marburg-Angola virus, enabling continuous physiologic monitoring and blood sampling without anesthesia. After a three to four day incubation period, all animals developed fever, viremia, and lymphopenia before developing tachycardia, tachypnea, elevated liver enzymes, decreased liver function, azotemia, elevated D-dimer levels and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines suggesting a systemic inflammatory response with organ failure. The final, terminal period began with the onset of sustained hypotension, dehydration progressed with signs of major organ hypoperfusion (hyperlactatemia, acute kidney injury, hypothermia), and ended with euthanasia or death. The most significant pathologic findings were marked infection of the respiratory lymphoid tissue with destruction of the tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, and severe diffuse infection in the liver, and splenitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v8040087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,30]],"date-time":"2016-03-30T16:47:27Z","timestamp":1459356447000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Natural History of Aerosol Exposure with Marburg Virus in Rhesus Macaques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Evan","family":"Ewers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Twenhafel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA"},{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Shamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginger","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Esham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Wlazlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5677-3841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Botto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hensley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA"},{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)92023-0","article-title":"Human disease from monkeys (Marburg virus)","volume":"1","author":"Malherbe","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.49.574.542","article-title":"Marburg virus disease","volume":"49","author":"Martini","year":"1973","journal-title":"Postgrad. 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