{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:54:07Z","timestamp":1784192047194,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,5]],"date-time":"2016-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Humane Research Trust"},{"name":"RCOG Wellebeing of Women"},{"name":"The Caring Cancer Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015353","name":"The Cancer Prevention Research Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015353","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Janice Cholerton Post Graduate Support Fund\/ East Africa Medical Trust (EAMT)"},{"name":"The IAEA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oncogenic retrovirus human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in some countries although its prevalence and relationship with other sexually transmitted infections in Sub-Saharan Africa is largely unknown. A novel endpoint PCR method was used to analyse the prevalence of HTLV-1 proviral DNA in genomic DNA extracted from liquid based cytology (LBC) cervical smears and invasive cervical carcinomas (ICCs) obtained from human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+ve) and HIV-negative (HIV\u2212ve) Kenyan women. Patient sociodemographic details were recorded by structured questionnaire and these data analysed with respect to HIV status, human papillomavirus (HPV) type (Papilocheck\u00ae) and cytology. This showed 22\/113 (19.5%) of LBC\u2019s from HIV+ve patients were positive for HTLV-1 compared to 4\/111 (3.6%) of those from HIV\u2212ve women (p = 0.0002; odds ratio (OR) = 6.42 (2.07\u201326.56)). Only 1\/37 (2.7%) of HIV+ve and none of the 44 HIV\u2212ve ICC samples were positive for HTLV-1. There was also a significant correlation between HTLV-1 infection, numbers of sexual partners (p &lt; 0.05) and smoking (p &lt; 0.01). Using this unique method, these data suggest an unexpectedly high prevalence of HTLV-1 DNA in HIV+ve women in this geographical location. However, the low level of HTLV-1 detected in HIV+ve ICC samples was unexpected and the reasons for this are unclear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v8090245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,5]],"date-time":"2016-09-05T10:02:01Z","timestamp":1473069721000},"page":"245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysis of the Prevalence of HTLV-1 Proviral DNA in Cervical Smears and Carcinomas from HIV Positive and Negative Kenyan Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4017-2037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaotong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Oncology Lab, University of Manchester, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2638-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Innocent","family":"Maranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Oncology Lab, University of Manchester, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Oncology Lab, University of Manchester, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gichangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Oncology Lab, University of Manchester, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Oncology Lab, University of Manchester, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3682","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00781-09","article-title":"Development and validation of a multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous genotyping and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, 2, and 3 proviral load determination","volume":"47","author":"Moens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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