{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:45:00Z","timestamp":1791308700987,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,22]],"date-time":"2016-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developments of genome amplification techniques have rapidly expanded the family of human polyomaviruses (PyV). Following infection early in life, PyV persist in their hosts and are generally of no clinical consequence. High-level replication of PyV can occur in patients under immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy and causes severe clinical entities, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy or Merkel cell carcinoma. The characterization of known and newly-discovered human PyV, their relationship to human health, and the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. Here, we summarize the most widely-used in vitro and in vivo models to study the PyV-host interaction, pathogenesis and anti-viral drug screening. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the different models and the lessons learned.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v8100292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T10:46:39Z","timestamp":1477305999000},"page":"292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Models for the Study of Human Polyomavirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Heidi","family":"Barth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberl\u00e9, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgane","family":"Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberl\u00e9, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wallys","family":"Kack-Kack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberl\u00e9, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Soulier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Velay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberl\u00e9, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Fafi-Kremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberl\u00e9, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-83-20376","article-title":"A filterable agent, recovered from Ak leukemic extracts, causing salivary gland carcinomas in C3H mice","volume":"83","author":"Gross","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91776-4","article-title":"New human papovavirus (BK) isolated from urine after renal transplantation","volume":"297","author":"Gardner","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91777-6","article-title":"Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy","volume":"297","author":"Padgett","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00028-07","article-title":"Identification of a third human polyomavirus","volume":"81","author":"Allander","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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