{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T00:12:48Z","timestamp":1775347968215,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]],"date-time":"2016-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ebola research funding inititative"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ebola research funding inititative"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In light of the recent outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) disease in West Africa, there have been renewed efforts to search for effective antiviral countermeasures. A range of compounds currently available with broad antimicrobial activity have been tested for activity against EBOV. Using live EBOV, eighteen candidate compounds were screened for antiviral activity in vitro. The compounds were selected on a rational basis because their mechanisms of action suggested that they had the potential to disrupt EBOV entry, replication or exit from cells or because they had displayed some antiviral activity against EBOV in previous tests. Nine compounds caused no reduction in viral replication despite cells remaining healthy, so they were excluded from further analysis (zidovudine; didanosine; stavudine; abacavir sulphate; entecavir; JB1a; Aimspro; celgosivir; and castanospermine). A second screen of the remaining compounds and the feasibility of appropriateness for in vivo testing removed six further compounds (ouabain; omeprazole; esomeprazole; Gleevec; D-LANA-14; and Tasigna). The three most promising compounds (17-DMAG; BGB324; and NCK-8) were further screened for in vivo activity in the guinea pig model of EBOV disease. Two of the compounds, BGB324 and NCK-8, showed some effect against lethal infection in vivo at the concentrations tested, which warrants further investigation. Further, these data add to the body of knowledge on the antiviral activities of multiple compounds against EBOV and indicate that the scientific community should invest more effort into the development of novel and specific antiviral compounds to treat Ebola virus disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v8110277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]],"date-time":"2016-10-27T10:17:52Z","timestamp":1477563472000},"page":"277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Antiviral Screening of Multiple Compounds against Ebola Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Stuart","family":"Dowall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Bewley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seshadri","family":"Vasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"},{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education &amp; Research, Puducherry 605006, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandradhish","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohini","family":"Konai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gro","family":"Gausdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BerGenBio, Jonas Lies vei 91, Bergen 5009, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Lorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BerGenBio, Jonas Lies vei 91, Bergen 5009, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0251-6487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Barclay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Garcia-Dorival","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Hiscox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Bosworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Easterbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Pitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Chan-Pensley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4254-2751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Funnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Vipond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Charlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayanta","family":"Haldar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Hewson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miles","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1299-6","article-title":"Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)","volume":"157","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0814-x","article-title":"Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations","volume":"155","author":"Kuhn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404505","article-title":"Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea","volume":"371","author":"Baize","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01103-X","article-title":"Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers","volume":"4","author":"Mahanty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e318217a609","article-title":"On the differences between ouabain and digitalis glycosides","volume":"21","author":"Fuerstenwerth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5120","DOI":"10.1021\/pr500556d","article-title":"Elucidation of the Ebola virus VP24 cellular interactome and disruption of virus biology through targeted inhibition of host-cell protein function","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.04.015","article-title":"Inhibition of heat-shock protein 90 reduces Ebola virus replication","volume":"87","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S259","DOI":"10.1086\/520594","article-title":"The mechanism of Axl-mediated Ebola virus infection","volume":"196","author":"Shimojima","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0601","article-title":"Downregulation of beta1 integrins by Ebola virus glycoprotein: implication for virus entry","volume":"278","author":"Takada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.6085.2","article-title":"Antiviral therapies against Ebola and other emerging viral diseases using existing medicines that block virus entry","volume":"4","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123ra24","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003500","article-title":"Productive replication of Ebola virus is regulated by the c-Abl1 tyrosine kinase","volume":"4","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.03.018","article-title":"High-throughput, luciferase-based reverse genetics systems for identifying inhibitors of Marburg and Ebola viruses","volume":"106","author":"Uebelhoer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.88","article-title":"Identification of 53 compounds that block Ebola virus-like particle entry via a repurposing screen of approved drugs","volume":"3","author":"Kouznetsova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203674","article-title":"Treatment of diffuse systemic sclerosis with hyperimmune caprine serum (AIMSPRO): a phase II double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"73","author":"Quillinan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1021\/jm401680a","article-title":"Small molecular antibacterial peptoid mimics: the simpler the better!","volume":"57","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, C., Manjunath, G.B., Konai, M.M., Uppu, D.S., Hoque, J., Paramanandham, K., Shome, B.R., and Haldar, J. (2015). Aryl-Alkyl-Lysines: Agents That Kill Planktonic Cells, Persister Cells, Biofilms of MRSA and Protect Mice from Skin-Infection. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144094"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5b00056","article-title":"Lysine-based small molecules that disrupt biofilms and kill both actively growing planktonic and nondividing stationary phase bacteria","volume":"1","author":"Konai","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5b00092","article-title":"Aryl-alkyl-lysines: Membrane-active small molecules active against murine model of burn infection","volume":"2","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9409","DOI":"10.1021\/jm5013566","article-title":"Membrane active phenylalanine conjugated lipophilic norspermidine derivatives with selective antibacterial activity","volume":"57","author":"Konai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.5b00494","article-title":"Structure-Activity Relationship of Amino Acid Tunable Lipidated Norspermidine Conjugates: Disrupting Biofilms with Potent Activity against Bacterial Persisters","volume":"26","author":"Konai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2578","article-title":"Design and characterization of ebolavirus GP prehairpin intermediate mimics as drug targets","volume":"24","author":"Clinton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.12.010","article-title":"Small molecule inhibitors of ebola virus infection","volume":"20","author":"Picazo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5b00028","article-title":"Anti-Ebola activity of diazachrysene small molecules","volume":"1","author":"Selakovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.03.023","article-title":"Small molecule inhibitors of ER alpha-glucosidases are active against multiple hemorrhagic fever viruses","volume":"98","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S251","DOI":"10.1086\/520597","article-title":"Analysis of filovirus entry into vero e6 cells, using inhibitors of endocytosis, endosomal acidification, structural integrity, and cathepsin (B and L) activity","volume":"196","author":"Sanchez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01601-06","article-title":"Inhibition of filovirus replication by the zinc finger antiviral protein","volume":"81","author":"Muller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.09.076","article-title":"Protective efficacy of neutralizing antibodies against Ebola virus infection","volume":"25","author":"Takada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhn, J.H., Lofts, L.L., Kugelman, J.R., Smither, S.J., Lever, M.S., van der Groen, G., Johnson, K.M., Radoshitzky, S.R., Bavari, S., and Jahrling, P.B. (2014). Reidentification of Ebola Virus E718 and ME as Ebola Virus\/H.sapiens-tc\/COD\/1976\/Yambuku-Ecran. Genome Announc., 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01178-14"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0636","article-title":"Comprehensive panel of real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction assays for detection and absolute quantification of filoviruses, arenaviruses, and New World hantaviruses","volume":"82","author":"Trombley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.11.003","article-title":"Catheterized guinea pigs infected with Ebola Zaire virus allows safer sequential sampling to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of a phosphatidylserine-targeting monoclonal antibody","volume":"97","author":"Dowall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0540-x","article-title":"Elucidating variations in the nucleotide sequence of Ebola virus associated with increasing pathogenicity","volume":"15","author":"Dowall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (2011). Technology Readiness Assessment (TRA) Guidance."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.05.001","article-title":"Application of real-time PCR for testing antiviral compounds against Lassa virus, SARS coronavirus and Ebola virus in vitro","volume":"63","author":"Gunther","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy, S.D., Majchrzak-Kita, B., Racine, T., Kozlowski, H.N., Baker, D.P., Hoenen, T., Kobinger, G.P., Fish, E.N., and Branch, D.R. (2016). A Rapid Screening Assay Identifies Monotherapy with Interferon-ss and Combination Therapies with Nucleoside Analogs as Effective Inhibitors of Ebola Virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004364"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190ra79","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005471","article-title":"FDA-approved selective estrogen receptor modulators inhibit Ebola virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Johansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00813.x","article-title":"Esomeprazole provides improved acid control vs. omeprazole In patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease","volume":"14","author":"Lind","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.111.042853","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, distribution, and metabolism of [14C]sunitinib in rats, monkeys, and humans","volume":"40","author":"Speed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24944","article-title":"The role of high-dose imatinib in the management of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor","volume":"116","author":"Gronchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S305","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv237","article-title":"Modeling the Disease Course of Zaire ebolavirus Infection in the Outbred Guinea Pig","volume":"212","author":"Cross","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12753","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2648","article-title":"The role of AXL and the in vitro activity of the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor BGB324 in Ewing sarcoma","volume":"5","author":"Fleuren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9389","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc43751e","article-title":"Polymers with tunable side-chain amphiphilicity as non-hemolytic antibacterial agents","volume":"49","author":"Uppu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun. (Camb.)"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-001-0380-8","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolism of 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (NSC 707545) in CD2F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats","volume":"49","author":"Egorin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.000471","article-title":"Disease modeling for Ebola and Marburg viruses","volume":"2","author":"Bente","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8720","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01239-16","article-title":"An Ebola virus-like particle-based reporter system enables evaluation of antiviral drugs in vivo under non-BSL-4 conditions","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5b00053","article-title":"High-Throughput Minigenome System for Identifying Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Ebola Virus Replication","volume":"1","author":"Edwards","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Director, Research Directorate (DRD) (2009). Technology Readiness Assessment (TRA) Deskbook."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/8\/11\/277\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:34:05Z","timestamp":1760211245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/8\/11\/277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v8110277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v8110277","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]]}}}