{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:43:38Z","timestamp":1790790218955,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major public health problem worldwide with more than 240 million individuals chronically infected. Current treatments can control HBV replication to a large extent, but cannot eliminate HBV infection. Cytokines have been shown to control HBV replication and contribute to HBV cure in different models. Cytokines play an important role in limiting acute HBV infection in patients and mediate a non-cytolytic clearance of the virus. In this review, we summarize the effects of cytokines and cytokine-induced cellular signaling pathways on different steps of the HBV life cycle, and discuss possible strategies that may contribute to the eradication of HBV through innate immune activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v9010018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T10:10:12Z","timestamp":1484907012000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Control of Hepatitis B Virus by Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8460-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Protzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen\/Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, Munich 81675, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich 81675, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60220-8","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"384","author":"Trepo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28025","article-title":"Present and future therapies of hepatitis B: From discovery to cure","volume":"62","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118902","article-title":"Long-lasting memory T cell responses following self-limited acute hepatitis B","volume":"98","author":"Penna","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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