{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:47:26Z","timestamp":1791388046760,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,13]],"date-time":"2017-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The adaptive immune response is necessary for the development of protective immunity against infectious diseases. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a genetically heterogeneous and rapidly evolving RNA virus, is the most burdensome pathogen of swine health and wellbeing worldwide. Viral infection induces antigen-specific immunity that ultimately clears the infection. However, the resulting immune memory, induced by virulent or attenuated vaccine viruses, is inconsistently protective against diverse viral strains. The immunological mechanisms by which primary and memory protection are generated and used are not well understood. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding cellular and humoral components of the adaptive immune response to PRRSV infection that mediate primary and memory immune protection against viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v9060148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]],"date-time":"2017-06-14T03:19:32Z","timestamp":1497410372000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Rahe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Murtaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1991.9694296","article-title":"Mystery swine disease in The Netherlands: The isolation of Lelystad virus","volume":"13","author":"Wensvoort","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1991.9694297","article-title":"Experimental reproduction of porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (mystery swine disease) by infection with lelystad virus: Koch\u2019s postulates fulfilled","volume":"13","author":"Terpstra","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879200400201","article-title":"Isolation of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate ATCC VR-2332) in North America and experimental reproduction of the disease in gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"4","author":"Collins","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.270-280.1999","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus comparison: Divergent evolution on two continents","volume":"73","author":"Nelsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-2-307","article-title":"North American and European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses differ in non-structural protein coding regions","volume":"80","author":"Allende","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Zimmerman, J., Benfield, D., Dee, S., Murtaugh, M., Stadejek, T., Stevenson, G., and Torremorell, M. (2012). Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (porcine arterivirus). Diseases of Swine, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2672-z","article-title":"Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae","volume":"161","author":"Kuhn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"11","article-title":"PRRSV, the virus","volume":"31","author":"Meulenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.03.016","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies against the rapidly evolving porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"203","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.08.015","article-title":"The ever-expanding diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"154","author":"Murtaugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.07.003","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"167","author":"Loving","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.048","article-title":"Chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses reveal full function of genotype 1 envelope proteins in the backbone of genotype 2","volume":"412","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.07.030","article-title":"The PRRSV replicase: Exploring the multifunctionality of an intriguing set of nonstructural proteins","volume":"154","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050662","article-title":"Current knowledge on the structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus: Comparison of the North American and European isolates","volume":"145","author":"Dea","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.030213-0","article-title":"Novel structural protein in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus encoded by an alternative ORF5 present in all arteriviruses","volume":"92","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9436","article-title":"Localization and fine mapping of antigenic sites on the nucleocapsid protein N of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"252","author":"Meulenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000104","article-title":"Evolutionary diversification of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"96","author":"Brar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10834","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.22.10834-10837.2000","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: Description of persistence in individual pigs upon experimental infection","volume":"74","author":"Allende","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022114-111025","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): Pathogenesis and interaction with the immune system","volume":"4","author":"Lunney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(97)00086-5","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection of gnotobiotic pigs: Sites of virus replication and co-localization with MAC-387 staining at 21 days post-infection","volume":"51","author":"Lawson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(96)01347-8","article-title":"Virus quantification and identification of cellular targets in the lungs and lymphoid tissues of pigs at different time intervals after inoculation with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)","volume":"56","author":"Duan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01313785","article-title":"Enhanced replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in a homogeneous subpopulation of MA-104 cell line","volume":"133","author":"Kim","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1709","article-title":"Characterization of interaction between porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine dendritic cells","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3434","article-title":"Gene-edited pigs are protected from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"34","author":"Whitworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prather, R.S., Whitworth, K.M., Schommer, S.K., and Wells, K.D. (2017). Genetic engineering alveolar macrophages for host resistance to PRRSV. Vet. Microbiol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.01.036"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8808","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00718-13","article-title":"MicroRNA 181 suppresses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection by targeting PRRSV receptor CD163","volume":"87","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.9.5829","article-title":"Macrophages as APC and the dendritic cell myth","volume":"181","author":"Hume","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2454","article-title":"The who, how and where of antigen presentation to B cells","volume":"9","author":"Batista","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.137.4.967","article-title":"Critical role of determinant presentation in the induction of specific responses in immunocompetent lymphocytes","volume":"137","author":"Katz","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12092","article-title":"Infection of macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces global modifications to phagosomal function","volume":"15","author":"Podinovskaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalam, H., Fontana, M.F., and Kumar, D. (2017). Alternate splicing of transcripts shape macrophage response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006236"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3390\/v7041578","article-title":"Eradication of HIV-1 from the macrophage reservoir: An uncertain goal?","volume":"7","author":"Abbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-9-82","article-title":"Macrophages and their relevance in human immunodeficiency virus type I infection","volume":"9","author":"Koppensteiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05915-11","article-title":"Macrophage internal HIV-1 is protected from neutralizing antibodies","volume":"86","author":"Koppensteiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00121","article-title":"Leishmania promastigotes: Building a safe niche within macrophages","volume":"2","author":"Moradin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.06.003","article-title":"Leishmania evades host immunity by inhibiting antigen cross-presentation through direct cleavage of the SNARE VAMP8","volume":"14","author":"Matheoud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.02.005","article-title":"Leishmania donovani targets Dicer1 to downregulate miR-122, lower serum cholesterol, and facilitate murine liver infection","volume":"13","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394590-7.00008-7","article-title":"Interactions of Listeria monocytogenes with the autophagy system of host cells","volume":"113","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-015-5283-1","article-title":"Regulation and function of the Salmonella MgtC virulence protein","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laksono, B.M., de Vries, R.D., McQuaid, S., Duprex, W.P., and de Swart, R.L. (2016). Measles virus host invasion and pathogenesis. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8080210"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., and Zhang, Y.J. (2016). Antagonizing cytokine-mediated JAK-STAT signaling by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet. Microbiol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.036"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e02087","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antagonizes JAK\/STAT3 signaling via Nsp5 by inducing STAT3 degradation","volume":"91","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10934","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01396-14","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 4 antagonizes beta interferon expression by targeting the NF-\u03baB essential modulator","volume":"88","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01326-09","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 1b modulates host innate immune response by antagonizing IRF3 activation","volume":"84","author":"Beura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06466-11","article-title":"Nonstructural protein 2 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibits the antiviral function of interferon-stimulated gene 15","volume":"86","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Ke, H., Han, M., Chen, N., Fang, W., and Yoo, D. (2016). Nonstructural protein 11 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus suppresses both MAVS and RIG-I expression as one of the mechanisms to antagonize type I interferon production. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168314"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1998.18.485","article-title":"Interferon-alpha response to swine arterivirus (PoAV), the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"18","author":"Albina","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badaoui, B., Tuggle, C.K., Hu, Z., Reecy, J.M., Ait-Ali, T., Anselmo, A., and Botti, S. (2013). Pig immune response to general stimulus and to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection: A meta-analysis approach. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-220"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5331-1_59","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro interferon (IFN) studies with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)","volume":"440","author":"Buddaert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.1998.0277","article-title":"Differential production of proinflammatory cytokines in the pig lung during different respiratory virus infections: Correlations with pathogenicity","volume":"67","author":"Labarque","year":"1999","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01023-07","article-title":"Antigen-specific B-cell responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection","volume":"82","author":"Mulupuri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00036-16","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus utilizes nanotubes for intercellular spread","volume":"90","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-90","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection spreads by cell-to-cell transfer in cultured MARC-145 cells, is dependent on an intact cytoskeleton, and is suppressed by drug-targeting of cell permissiveness to virus infection","volume":"3","author":"Cafruny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10692","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00927-06","article-title":"Rotavirus anti-VP6 secretory immunoglobulin A contributes to protection via intracellular neutralization but not via immune exclusion","volume":"80","author":"Benureau","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18406","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115348108","article-title":"Intracellular neutralization of viral infection in polarized epithelial cells by neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated IgG transport","volume":"108","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.05.001","article-title":"The Chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection suppresses Th17 cells response in vivo","volume":"189","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.04.005","article-title":"Thymic depletion of lymphocytes is associated with the virulence of PRRSV-1 strains","volume":"188","author":"Amarilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.04.011","article-title":"Identification of apoptotic cells in the thymus of piglets infected with highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"189","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.03.001","article-title":"Suppression of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro","volume":"164","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-014-0091-x","article-title":"The comparative profile of lymphoid cells and the T and B cell spectratype of germ-free piglets infected with viruses SIV, PRRSV or PCV2","volume":"45","author":"Sinkora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01338.x","article-title":"Type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection mediated apoptosis in B- and T-cell areas in lymphoid organs of experimentally infected pigs","volume":"60","author":"Salguero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00060","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of regulatory T cell immunosuppression","volume":"2","author":"Pandiyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.156.6.1577","article-title":"Study on cellular events in post-thymectomy autoimmune oophoritis in mice. II. Requirement of Lyt-1 cells in normal female mice for the prevention of oophoritis","volume":"156","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1996.0026","article-title":"T cell-mediated maintenance of natural self-tolerance: Its breakdown as a possible cause of various autoimmune diseases","volume":"9","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.02.033","article-title":"Induction of T helper 3 regulatory cells by dendritic cells infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"387","author":"Mwangi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.07.012","article-title":"Induction of inducible CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)","volume":"133","author":"Wongyanin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0186-z","article-title":"PRRSV-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells express high levels of SLA-DR and CD80\/86 but do not stimulate PRRSV-na\u00efve regulatory T cells to proliferate","volume":"46","author":"Lamp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.10.024","article-title":"European genotype of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) infects monocyte-derived dendritic cells but does not induce Treg cells","volume":"396","author":"Cordoba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-177","article-title":"Age-dependent resistance to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in swine","volume":"6","author":"Klinge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19230-0","article-title":"Upregulation of interleukin-10 gene expression in the leukocytes of pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"84","author":"Suradhat","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2014.03.008","article-title":"Cytokines transcript levels in lung and lymphoid organs during genotype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection","volume":"160","author":"Quereda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2009.0003","article-title":"Changes in lymphocyte subsets and cytokines during European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: Increased expression of IL-12 and IL-10 and proliferation of CD4-CD8high","volume":"22","author":"Salguero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Viral. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"143","article-title":"Concurrent respiratory infections in 221 cases of PRRS virus pneumonia","volume":"4","author":"Zeman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Halbur, P. (2003). \u201cPRRS Plus\u201d\u2014PRRSV Infection in Combination with Other Agents, National Pork Board."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.05.005","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) influences infection dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) subtypes PCV2a and PCV2b by prolonging PCV2 viremia and shedding","volume":"152","author":"Sinha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.11.037","article-title":"In vitro and ex vivo analyses of co-infections with swine influenza and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses","volume":"169","author":"Dobrescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233632","article-title":"Role of tissue protection in lethal respiratory viral-bacterial coinfection","volume":"340","author":"Jamieson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.09.010","article-title":"Pathogenic and humoral immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are related to viral load in acute infection","volume":"102","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8549-5","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): An immune dysregulatory pandemic","volume":"59","author":"Butler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00483-08","article-title":"Antibody response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) nonstructural proteins and implications for diagnostic detection and differentiation of PRRSV types I and II","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5923","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.11.5923-5933.2004","article-title":"The level of virus-specific T-cell and macrophage recruitment in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in pigs is independent of virus load","volume":"78","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(00)00208-7","article-title":"Effects of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection on the development of the immune response against pseudorabies virus","volume":"76","author":"Samsom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/nri891","article-title":"Antibodies, viruses and vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Burton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00131-10","article-title":"Correlates of protection induced by vaccination","volume":"17","author":"Plotkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879400600326","article-title":"A modified serum neutralization test for the detection of antibody to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in swine sera","volume":"6","author":"Yoon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"416727","article-title":"Comparison of host immune responses to homologous and heterologous type II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) challenge in vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs","volume":"2014","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1327","article-title":"Effect of cellular changes and onset of humoral immunity on the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the lungs of pigs","volume":"81","author":"Labarque","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.12.040","article-title":"Cross reactivity of immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection","volume":"35","author":"Correas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"291","article-title":"Persistence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in a swine operation","volume":"58","author":"Bilodeau","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01718333","article-title":"Kinetics of humoral immune response to the major structural proteins of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"141","author":"Loemba","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00304-06","article-title":"Protection against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection through passive transfer of PRRSV-neutralizing antibodies is dose dependent","volume":"14","author":"Lopez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1612","article-title":"Passive transfer of virus-specific antibodies confers protection against reproductive failure induced by a virulent strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and establishes sterilizing immunity","volume":"302","author":"Osorio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.06.003","article-title":"Comparison of protection provided by type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome field viruses against homologous and heterologous challenge","volume":"191","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.04.019","article-title":"Immune responses to modified live virus vaccines developed from classical or highly pathogenic PRRSV following challenge with a highly pathogenic PRRSV strain","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1999.60.08.1022","article-title":"Evaluation of protective immunity in gilts inoculated with the NADC-8 isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and challenge-exposed with an antigenically distinct PRRSV isolate","volume":"60","author":"Lager","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/421","article-title":"Genomic homology of ORF 5 gene sequence between modified live vaccine virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge isolates is not predictive of vaccine efficacy","volume":"13","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.6.1488-1493.1996","article-title":"Antigenic variability among North American and European strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus as defined by monoclonal antibodies to the matrix protein","volume":"34","author":"Dea","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6515","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03287-14","article-title":"A single amino acid deletion in the matrix protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus confers resistance to a polyclonal swine antibody with broadly neutralizing activity","volume":"89","author":"Trible","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.137.2.547","article-title":"Stimulation of IgG antibody response in vitro by T cell-replacing factor","volume":"137","author":"Schimpl","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.01.040183.001235","article-title":"Mechanisms of T cell-B cell interaction","volume":"1","author":"Singer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, Z.U., Bishop, S.C., Savill, N.J., Rowland, R.R., Lunney, J.K., Trible, B., and Doeschl-Wilson, A.B. (2013). Quantitative analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) viremia profiles from experimental infection: A statistical modelling approach. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083567"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.08.002","article-title":"Immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during acute and chronic infection","volume":"126","author":"Molina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.05.022","article-title":"The challenge of PRRS immunology","volume":"177","author":"Mateu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879400600402","article-title":"Serum immune responses to the proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus","volume":"6","author":"Nelson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.06.003","article-title":"Immunization for HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies in human Ig knockin mice","volume":"161","author":"Dosenovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4223","article-title":"HIV-1 vaccines. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies induced by native-like envelope trimers","volume":"349","author":"Sanders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9195","article-title":"HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cells revealed by germline-targeting immunogen","volume":"351","author":"Jardine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9998","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05045-11","article-title":"Analysis of a clonal lineage of HIV-1 envelope V2\/V3 conformational epitope-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies and their inferred unmutated common ancestors","volume":"85","author":"Bonsignori","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.022","article-title":"Maturation pathway from germline to broad HIV-1 neutralizer of a CD4-mimic antibody","volume":"165","author":"Bonsignori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.04.016","article-title":"Early antibody lineage diversification and independent limb maturation lead to broad HIV-1 neutralization targeting the Env high-mannose patch","volume":"44","author":"MacLeod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07930","article-title":"Broad diversity of neutralizing antibodies isolated from memory B cells in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"458","author":"Scheid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234150","article-title":"Rational HIV immunogen design to target specific germline B cell receptors","volume":"340","author":"Jardine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161765","article-title":"Progress toward active or passive HIV-1 vaccination","volume":"214","author":"Escolano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5555","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00189-11","article-title":"Immune evasion of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus through glycan shielding involves both glycoprotein 5 as well as glycoprotein 3","volume":"85","author":"Vu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.8.3994-4004.2006","article-title":"Influence of N-linked glycosylation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 on virus infectivity, antigenicity, and ability to induce neutralizing antibodies","volume":"80","author":"Ansari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.9.4241-4250.2002","article-title":"Identification of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 ectodomain","volume":"76","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252311000144","article-title":"Interaction between innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"12","author":"Sang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-002-0887-2","article-title":"The primary neutralization epitope of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus strain VR-2332 is located in the middle of the GP5 ectodomain","volume":"147","author":"Plagemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.09.017","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus epitopes associated with antibody-dependent enhancement and neutralization of virus infection","volume":"102","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.09.007","article-title":"Effect of virus-specific antibodies on attachment, internalization and infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in primary macrophages","volume":"102","author":"Delputte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.071","article-title":"Characterization of antigenic regions in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by the use of peptide-specific serum antibodies","volume":"29","author":"Vanhee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0582-7","article-title":"GP4 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus contains a neutralizing epitope that is susceptible to immunoselection in vitro","volume":"155","author":"Costers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.09.005","article-title":"DNA shuffling of the GP3 genes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) produces a chimeric virus with an improved cross-neutralizing ability against a heterologous PRRSV strain","volume":"434","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01774-09","article-title":"The minor envelope glycoproteins GP2a and GP4 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus interact with the receptor CD163","volume":"84","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkard, C., Lillico, S.G., Reid, E., Jackson, B., Mileham, A.J., Ait-Ali, T., Whitelaw, C.B., and Archibald, A.L. (2017). Precision engineering for PRRSV resistance in pigs: Macrophages from genome edited pigs lacking CD163 SRCR5 domain are fully resistant to both PRRSV genotypes while maintaining biological function. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006206"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.020503-0","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus entry into the porcine macrophage","volume":"91","author":"Delputte","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06836-11","article-title":"Arterivirus minor envelope proteins are a major determinant of viral tropism in cell culture","volume":"86","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6127","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00347-16","article-title":"Comparison of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and virus neutralization by HIV-1 Env-specific monoclonal antibodies","volume":"90","author":"Arias","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X113116660058","article-title":"Opportunities to exploit non-neutralizing HIV-specific antibody activity","volume":"11","author":"Ackerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12962","article-title":"Non-neutralizing epitopes induce robust HCV-specific antibody-dependent CD56+ NK cell responses in chronic HCV-infected patients","volume":"189","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44727","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44727","article-title":"The immune correlates of protection for an avian influenza H5N1 vaccine in the ferret model using oil-in-water adjuvants","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81808-0","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected alveolar macrophages contain no detectable levels of viral proteins in their plasma membrane and are protected against antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cell lysis","volume":"87","author":"Costers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2017.02.002","article-title":"Effector mechanisms of humoral immunity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"186","author":"Rahe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00335-X","article-title":"Polyclonal activation of B cells occurs in lymphoid organs from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-infected pigs","volume":"82","author":"Lamontagne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.3.1916","article-title":"Lymphoid hyperplasia resulting in immune dysregulation is caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in neonatal pigs","volume":"172","author":"Lemke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2347","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus subverts repertoire development by proliferation of germline-encoded B cells of all isotypes bearing hydrophobic heavy chain CDR3","volume":"180","author":"Butler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2005.18.138","article-title":"Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and formation of hydrophobic immune complexes in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected and uninfected pigs","volume":"18","author":"Plagemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Viral. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.085","article-title":"Antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets. XV. Porcine circovirus type 2 infection differentially affects serum IgG levels and antibodies to ORF2 in piglets free from other environmental factors","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.6.3239","article-title":"Antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets. IV. Switch recombination, primarily in fetal thymus, occurs independent of environmental antigen and is only weakly associated with repertoire diversification","volume":"167","author":"Butler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17655","article-title":"Normalizing the environment recapitulates adult human immune traits in laboratory mice","volume":"532","author":"Beura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/laban.1035","article-title":"Dirty mice might make better models","volume":"45","author":"Graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5258.54","article-title":"Immunological memory and protective immunity: Understanding their relation","volume":"272","author":"Ahmed","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.07.005","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the differentiation and function of memory B cells","volume":"33","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahe, M.C., and Murtaugh, M.P. (2017). Interleukin-21 drives proliferation and differentiation of porcine memory B cells into antibody secreting cells. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171171"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80541-5","article-title":"Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells","volume":"8","author":"Slifka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1886","article-title":"Competence and competition: The challenge of becoming a long-lived plasma cell","volume":"6","author":"Radbruch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.109.6.1386","article-title":"Immunoglobulin synthesis by human lymphoid tissues: Normal bone marrow as a major site of IgG production","volume":"109","author":"McMillan","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"247","article-title":"Antibody formation in mouse bone marrow. I. Evidence for the development of plaque-forming cells in situ","volume":"26","author":"Benner","year":"1974","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.3.1895-1902.1995","article-title":"Bone marrow is a major site of long-term antibody production after acute viral infection","volume":"69","author":"Slifka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"147","article-title":"Half-lives of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM in the serum of new-born pigs","volume":"24","author":"Curtis","year":"1973","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.53716","article-title":"Half-life of porcine antibodies absorbed from a colostrum supplement containing porcine immunoglobulins","volume":"90","author":"Polo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.020","article-title":"An interferon inducing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine candidate elicits protection against challenge with the heterologous virulent type 2 strain VR-2385 in pigs","volume":"35","author":"Fontanella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"267","article-title":"Virological and immunological responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a large population of gilts","volume":"68","author":"Batista","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(95)05494-4","article-title":"Changes of lymphocyte subpopulations in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus","volume":"50","author":"Shimizu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2014.05.005","article-title":"A novel lineage transcription factor based analysis reveals differences in T helper cell subpopulation development in infected and intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) piglets","volume":"46","author":"Ebner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.07.012","article-title":"The role of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in immune phenotype and Th1\/Th2 balance of dendritic cells","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2008.06.014","article-title":"Species specialization in cytokine biology: Is interleukin-4 central to the TH1\u2013TH2 paradigm in swine?","volume":"33","author":"Murtaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061308","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-22 and Il-17 are coexpressed by Th17 cells and cooperatively enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides","volume":"203","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002194","article-title":"Influenza A inhibits Th17-mediated host defense against bacterial pneumonia in mice","volume":"186","author":"Kudva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.10.014","article-title":"CD40 engagement strongly induces CD25 expression on porcine dendritic cells and polarizes the T cell immune response toward Th1","volume":"46","author":"Pilon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.10.001","article-title":"Natural killer cells in host defense against veterinary pathogens","volume":"168","author":"Shekhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"176","article-title":"Infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus stimulates an early gamma interferon response in the serum of pigs","volume":"70","author":"Wesley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2002.0566","article-title":"Expression of interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in pigs experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)","volume":"127","author":"Choi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00268-4","article-title":"Immunohistochemical staining of IFN-\u03b3 positive cells in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected lungs","volume":"91","author":"Thanawongnuwech","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.014001-0","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modifies innate immunity and alters disease outcome in pigs subsequently infected with porcine respiratory coronavirus: Implications for respiratory viral co-infections","volume":"90","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2010.0051","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced immunosuppression exacerbates the inflammatory response to porcine respiratory coronavirus in pigs","volume":"23","author":"Renukaradhya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viral. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-45","article-title":"Evaluation of immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs during early stage of infection under farm conditions","volume":"9","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.08.021","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces pronounced immune modulatory responses at mucosal tissues in the parental vaccine strain VR2332 infected pigs","volume":"162","author":"Manickam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/9\/6\/148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:38:53Z","timestamp":1760207933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/9\/6\/148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,13]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v9060148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v9060148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,13]]}}}