{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:07:39Z","timestamp":1782349659938,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Newcastle disease (ND) leading to heavy economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide is caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Even though intensive vaccination programs have been implemented in many countries, virulent NDV can still be frequently isolated in well-vaccinated flocks. We compared the protection efficiency of LaSota and two sub-genotype VIId vaccines, NDV\/AI4 and NDV O\/AI4, in which NDV O\/AI4 was constructed by replacing the hemagglutinin\u2013neuraminidase (HN) gene of the vaccine strain NDV\/AI4 with that from the variant NDV strain JS-14-12-Ch by the cross hemagglutination inhibition test and immune protection test. The number of birds shedding the virus and the titer of the shedding virus from the challenged birds were tested to evaluate the protection efficiency in the immune protection test. The cross hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests between JS-14-12-Ch and the three vaccines displayed a significant antigenic difference between JS-14-12-Ch and LaSota or NDV\/AI4, but not between JS-14-12-Ch and NDV O\/AI4. The results of the immune protection test showed that NDV O\/AI4 could provide improved protection as determined by a significant decrease in both the number of birds shedding the virus and the titer of the shedding virus from the challenged birds. The results in this study indicated that the antigenic similarity between the vaccine strain and the challenge strain is important in reducing the shedding of virulent virus in which the congruence of the NDV HN protein may play a critical role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v9080225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T14:35:00Z","timestamp":1502807700000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Effects of the HN Antigenic Difference between the Vaccine Strain and the Challenge Strain of Newcastle Disease Virus on Virus Shedding and Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zenglei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunlin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiufan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.2.1231","article-title":"Newcastle disease and other avian paramyxoviruses","volume":"19","author":"Alexander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-007-0078-z","article-title":"Genomic sequence of an antigenic variant Newcastle disease virus isolated in Korea","volume":"35","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-013-0475-3","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease viruses in Vietnam","volume":"46","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00130-5","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease in republic of Korea","volume":"95","author":"Kwon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-330","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease virus isolates from vaccinated commercial poultry farms in non-epidemic areas of Japan","volume":"10","author":"Umali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1782","article-title":"Genetic variation analysis of subgenotype genetic variation analysis of subgenotype VIId Newcastle disease viruses isolated from Jiangsu Province in 2008","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Zootech. Sin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.019","article-title":"Newcastle disease vaccines\u2014A solved problem or a continuous challenge?","volume":"206","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.029","article-title":"Identification of a variable epitope on the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein","volume":"140","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.11.091","article-title":"A vaccine candidate of attenuated genotype VII Newcastle disease virus generated by reverse genetics","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.07.017","article-title":"Antigenic differences among Newcastle disease virus strains of different genotypes used in vaccine formulation affect viral shedding after a virulent challenge","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.05.003","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus outbreaks: Vaccine mismatch or inadequate application?","volume":"160","author":"Dortmans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.05.004","article-title":"Field vaccinated chickens with low antibody titres show equally insufficient protection against matching and non-matching genotypes of virulent Newcastle disease virus","volume":"172","author":"Dortmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.06.007","article-title":"Effects of Newcastle disease virus vaccine antibodies on the shedding and transmission of challenge viruses","volume":"41","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1637\/9633-122410-Reg.1","article-title":"Generation of a genotype VII Newcastle disease virus vaccine candidate with high yield in embryonated chicken eggs","volume":"55","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6964-7_10","article-title":"Reverse genetics of Newcastle disease virus","volume":"1602","author":"Afonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3065-7","article-title":"Rescue of recombinant Newcastle disease virus: Current cloning strategies and RNA polymerase provision systems","volume":"162","author":"Molouki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3308-2","article-title":"Rescue of recombinant Newcastle disease virus: A short history of how it all started","volume":"162","author":"Molouki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.251-259.1999","article-title":"Generation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) from cDNA: BRSVNS2 is not essential for virus replication in tissue culture, and the human RSV leader region acts as a functional BRSV genome promoter","volume":"73","author":"Buchholz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1989.tb13567.x","article-title":"Newcastle disease","volume":"66","author":"Spencer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0610-7","article-title":"Antigenic variation between Newcastle disease viruses of goose and chicken origin","volume":"155","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.92.5.441","article-title":"Persistent antigenic variation of influenza A viruses after incomplete neutralization in ovo with heterologous immune serum","volume":"92","author":"Archetti","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liu, H., Liu, W., Zheng, D., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Ge, S., Lv, Y., and Zuo, Y. (2015). Genomic characterizations of six pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 viruses isolated from live bird markets in China during 2011 to 2013. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124261"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.048","article-title":"Antigenic variation of LaSota and genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and their efficacy against challenge with velogenic NDV","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00156-08","article-title":"Characterization of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus vaccine strain","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1248-4","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing and biological characterization of duck\/js\/10, a new lentogenic class I Newcastle disease virus","volume":"157","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.09.002","article-title":"Genetic, pathogenic and antigenic diversity of Newcastle disease viruses in Shandong Province, China","volume":"180","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Hu, S., Xu, H., Liu, J., Zhao, Z., Wang, X., and Liu, X. (2016). Characterization of virulent Newcastle disease viruses from vaccinated chicken flocks in Eastern China. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0732-6"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-012-0863-1","article-title":"Surveillance and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus in seafowl from coastal areas of China in 2011","volume":"46","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.12.003","article-title":"Molecular characterization of chicken-derived genotype VIId Newcastle disease virus isolates in China during 2005\u20132012 reveals a new length in hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. Infection, genetics and evolution","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Epidemiol. Evolut. Genet. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/9\/8\/225\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:42:23Z","timestamp":1760208143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/9\/8\/225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v9080225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v9080225","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]}}}