{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:54:32Z","timestamp":1790787272693,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]],"date-time":"2017-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death that regulates cellular homeostasis by removing damaged or unnecessary cells. Its importance in host defenses is highlighted by the observation that many viruses evade, obstruct, or subvert apoptosis, thereby blunting the host immune response. Infection with Flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV) has been shown to activate several signaling pathways such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress and AKT\/PI3K pathway, resulting in activation or suppression of apoptosis in virus-infected cells. On the other hands, expression of some viral proteins induces or protects apoptosis. There is a discrepancy between induction and suppression of apoptosis during flavivirus infection because the experimental situation may be different, and strong links between apoptosis and other types of cell death such as necrosis may make it more difficult. In this paper, we review the effects of apoptosis on viral propagation and pathogenesis during infection with flaviviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v9090243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]],"date-time":"2017-08-28T12:08:37Z","timestamp":1503922117000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Regulation of Apoptosis during Flavivirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Toru","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Kusakabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Tokunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junki","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Miyata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3722","article-title":"Control of apoptosis by the BCL-2protein family: Implications for physiology and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Czabotar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2952","article-title":"Mitochondria and cell death: Outer membrane permeabilization and beyond","volume":"11","author":"Tait","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2308","article-title":"The BCL-2 protein family: Opposing activities that mediate cell death","volume":"9","author":"Youle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133289","article-title":"Apoptosis initiated when BH3 ligands engage multiple BCL-2 homologs, not BAX or BAK","volume":"315","author":"Willis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210220","article-title":"The Bcl-2 apoptotic switch in cancer development and therapy","volume":"26","author":"Adams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2570","article-title":"CD95, BIM and T cell homeostasis","volume":"9","author":"Bouillet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200210084","article-title":"Characterization of the signal that directs BCL-x(L), but not BCL-2, to the mitochondrial outer membrane","volume":"160","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2430","article-title":"Regulation of TNFR1 and CD95 signaling by receptor compartmentalization","volume":"9","author":"Tchikov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03579","article-title":"An inhibitor of BCL-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours","volume":"435","author":"Oltersdorf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.253","article-title":"From basic apoptosis discoveries to advanced selective BCL-2 family inhibitors","volume":"16","author":"Ashkenazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3048","article-title":"ABT-199, a potent and selective BCL-2 inhibitor, achieves antitumor activity while sparing platelets","volume":"19","author":"Souers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279ra40","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa4642","article-title":"Exploiting selective BCL-2 family inhibitors to dissect cell survival dependencies and define improved strategies for cancer therapy","volume":"7","author":"Leverson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.553","article-title":"Targeting BCL2 with BH3 mimetics: Basic science and clinical application of venetoclax in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and related B cell malignancies","volume":"101","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1012702","article-title":"Viral homologs of BCL-2: Role of apoptosis in the regulation of virus infection","volume":"16","author":"Cuconati","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5001","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03642-13","article-title":"Repression of the proapoptotic cellular BIK\/NBK gene by Epstein-Barr virus antagonizes transforming growth factor \u03b21-induced B-cell apoptosis","volume":"88","author":"Campion","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28506","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028506","article-title":"Latent Epstein-Barr virus can inhibit apoptosis in B cells by blocking the induction of NOXA expression","volume":"6","author":"Yee","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5581","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03639-14","article-title":"Profiling of virus-encoded microRNAs in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma and their roles in gastric carcinogenesis","volume":"89","author":"Kunita","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072581","article-title":"An Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNA targets PUMA to promote host cell survival","volume":"205","author":"Choy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2007.02.004","article-title":"A structural viral mimic of prosurvival Bcl-2: A pivotal role for sequestering proapoptotic BAX and BAK","volume":"25","author":"Kvansakul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11501","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01115-12","article-title":"Sheeppox virus SPPV14 encodes a BCL-2-like cell death inhibitor that counters a distinct set of mammalian proapoptotic proteins","volume":"86","author":"Okamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10757","DOI":"10.1021\/bi980893w","article-title":"Interaction of the baculovirus anti-apoptotic protein p35 with caspases. Specificity, kinetics, and characterization of the caspase\/p35 complex","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.4.1172","article-title":"Death effector domain-containing herpesvirus and poxvirus proteins inhibit both Fas- and TNFR1-induced apoptosis","volume":"94","author":"Bertin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.20.1725","article-title":"Expression of K13\/v-FLIP gene of human herpesvirus 8 and apoptosis in Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma spindle cells","volume":"91","author":"Hohenadl","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/386517a0","article-title":"Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors","volume":"386","author":"Thome","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1539","article-title":"Cowpox virus contains two copies of an early gene encoding a soluble secreted form of the type II TNF receptor","volume":"204","author":"Hu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60238-X","article-title":"Pathogenic flaviviruses","volume":"371","author":"Gould","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1144","article-title":"Emerging flaviviruses: The spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses","volume":"10","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.04.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis of flavivirus infections: Using and abusing the host cell","volume":"5","author":"Mazzon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1067","article-title":"A structural perspective of the flavivirus life cycle","volume":"3","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.11.012","article-title":"Nuclear localization of dengue virus capsid protein is required for DAXX interaction and apoptosis","volume":"147","author":"Netsawang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.04.005","article-title":"West Nile virus capsid protein interaction with importin and HDM2 protein is regulated by protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation","volume":"12","author":"Bhuvanakantham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02030-12","article-title":"The West Nile virus capsid protein blocks apoptosis through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanism","volume":"87","author":"Urbanowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19163-0","article-title":"Dengue virus M protein contains a proapoptotic sequence referred to as ApoptoM","volume":"84","author":"Catteau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0980","article-title":"Infection with Langat flavivirus or expression of the envelope protein induces apoptotic cell death","volume":"286","author":"Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Suppressive effect of dengue virus envelope protein domain III on megakaryopoiesis","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.5.2396-2404.2006","article-title":"A single amino acid substitution in the West Nile virus nonstructural protein NS2A disables its ability to inhibit \u03b1\/\u03b2 interferon induction and attenuates virus virulence in mice","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.047076-0","article-title":"West Nile virus NS2A protein facilitates virus-induced apoptosis independently of interferon response","volume":"94","author":"Melian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.03.007","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus NS2B-NS3 protease induces caspase 3 activation and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human medulloblastoma cells","volume":"143","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-7-1647","article-title":"Mutagenesis of the dengue virus type 2 NS3 proteinase and the production of growth-restricted virus","volume":"82","author":"Matusan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19022-0","article-title":"Dengue virus type 2 NS3 protease and NS2B-NS3 protease precursor induce apoptosis","volume":"84","author":"Shafee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.08.043","article-title":"Host cell killing by the West Nile virus NS2B-NS3 proteolytic complex: NS3 alone is sufficient to recruit caspase-8-based apoptotic pathway","volume":"345","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.6.4090-4096.1996","article-title":"Human isolates of dengue type 1 virus induce apoptosis in mouse neuroblastoma cells","volume":"70","author":"Despres","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-014-2183-3","article-title":"Coordinated regulation of autophagy and apoptosis determines endothelial cell fate during Dengue virus type 2 infection","volume":"397","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0396-7","article-title":"A clinical isolate of dengue virus and its proteins induce apoptosis in HMEC-1 cells: A possible implication in pathogenesis","volume":"154","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2007.08.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial and bioenergetic dysfunction in human hepatic cells infected with dengue 2 virus","volume":"1772","author":"Midlej","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thepparit, C., Khakpoor, A., Khongwichit, S., Wikan, N., Fongsaran, C., Chingsuwanrote, P., Panraksa, P., and Smith, D.R. (2013). Dengue 2 infection of HepG2 liver cells results in endoplasmic reticulum stress and induction of multiple pathways of cell death. BMC Res. Notes, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-372"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20004","article-title":"Apoptosis in dengue virus infected liver cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B","volume":"72","author":"Thongtan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olagnier, D., Peri, S., Steel, C., van Montfoort, N., Chiang, C., Beljanski, V., Slifker, M., He, Z., Nichols, C.N., and Lin, R. (2014). Cellular oxidative stress response controls the antiviral and apoptotic programs in Dengue virus-infected dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004566"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01915-10","article-title":"Dengue virus type 3 isolated from a fatal case with visceral complications induces enhanced proinflammatory responses and apoptosis of human dendritic cells","volume":"85","author":"Silveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.06.005","article-title":"Induction of p53-dependent and mitochondria-mediated cell death pathway by Dengue virus infection of human and animal cells","volume":"10","author":"Nasirudeen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)02573-X","article-title":"West Nile virus-induced BAX-dependent apoptosis","volume":"500","author":"Parquet","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13203","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.24.13203-13213.2003","article-title":"Infection and injury of neurons by West Nile encephalitis virus","volume":"77","author":"Shrestha","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8388","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8388-8399.2005","article-title":"Flavivirus activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling to block caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death at the early stage of virus infection","volume":"79","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3270","article-title":"The unfolded protein response: Controlling cell fate decisions under ER stress and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Hetz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10849","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01151-07","article-title":"West Nile virus infection activates the unfolded protein response, leading to CHOP induction and apoptosis","volume":"81","author":"Medigeshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14226","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.222703","article-title":"Dengue virus modulates the unfolded protein response in a time-dependent manner","volume":"286","author":"Pena","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2715-5","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus induces apoptosis by the IRE1\/JNK pathway of ER stress response in BHK-21 cells","volume":"161","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.057265-0","article-title":"Regulated IRE1-dependent decay pathway is activated during Japanese encephalitis virus-induced unfolded protein response and benefits viral replication","volume":"95","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02097-12","article-title":"ATF6 signaling is required for efficient West Nile virus replication by promoting cell survival and inhibition of innate immune responses","volume":"87","author":"Ambrose","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5278","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06883-11","article-title":"Induction of the cellular microRNA, Hs_154, by West Nile virus contributes to virus-mediated apoptosis through repression of antiapoptotic factors","volume":"86","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02311-06","article-title":"Caspase 3-dependent cell death of neurons contributes to the pathogenesis of West Nile virus encephalitis","volume":"81","author":"Samuel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.036","article-title":"Apoptotic caspases suppress mtDNA-induced STING-mediated type I IFN production","volume":"159","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.037","article-title":"Apoptotic caspases prevent the induction of type I interferons by mitochondrial DNA","volume":"159","author":"Rongvaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11749","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01136-07","article-title":"Fas ligand interactions contribute to CD8+ T-cell-mediated control of West Nile virus infection in the central nervous system","volume":"81","author":"Shrestha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8937","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00673-12","article-title":"CD8+ T cells use TRAIL to restrict West Nile virus pathogenesis by controlling infection in neurons","volume":"86","author":"Shrestha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-688796","article-title":"The BCL2 selective inhibitor venetoclax induces rapid onset apoptosis of CLL cells in patients via a TP53-independent mechanism","volume":"127","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1513257","article-title":"Targeting BCL2 with venetoclax in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"374","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/9\/9\/243\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:43:28Z","timestamp":1760208208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/9\/9\/243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v9090243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v9090243","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]]}}}