{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T18:19:45Z","timestamp":1772043585542,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,14]],"date-time":"2017-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"CIHR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["143521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["143521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic is an ongoing public health concern. ZIKV is a flavivirus reported to be associated with microcephaly, and recent work in animal models demonstrates the ability of the virus to cross the placenta and affect fetal brain development. Recent findings suggest that the virus preferentially infects neural stem cells and thereby deregulates gene expression, cell cycle progression, and increases cell death. However, neuronal stem cells are not the only brain cells that are susceptible to ZIKV and infection of other brain cells may contribute to disease progression. Herein, we characterized ZIKV replication in astrocytes, and profiled temporal changes in host microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcriptomes during infection. We observed the deregulation of numerous processes known to be involved in flavivirus infection, including genes involved in the unfolded protein response pathway. Moreover, a number of miRNAs were upregulated, including miR-30e-3p, miR-30e-5p, and, miR-17-5p, which have been associated with other flavivirus infections. This study highlights potential miRNAs that may be of importance in ZIKV pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]],"date-time":"2017-10-16T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1508152269000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["MicroRNA and mRNA Dysregulation in Astrocytes Infected with Zika Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Kozak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Majer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Patho Biology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"},{"name":"Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Biondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada; Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada, <email>mia.biondi@mail.mcgill.ca<\/email>"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Patho Biology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Goneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology, Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Babu","family":"Sajesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessy","family":"Slota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Patho Biology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Zubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Exanthemata and STD, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Severini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Exanthemata and STD, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Safronetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Zoonoses, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Hiebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Beniac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Patho Biology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Kobinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90042-4","article-title":"Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity","volume":"46","author":"Dick","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faye, O., Freire, C.C., Iamarino, A., Faye, O., de Oliveira, J.V., Diallo, M., Zanotto, P.M., and Sall, A.A. (2014). Molecular evolution of Zika virus during its emergence in the 20(th) century. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002636"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715","article-title":"Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"360","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besnard, M., Eyrolle-Guignot, D., Guillemette-Artur, P., Lastere, S., Bost-Bezeaud, F., Marcelis, L., Abadie, V., Garel, C., Moutard, M.L., and Jouannic, J.M. (2016). Congenital cerebral malformations and dysfunction in fetuses and newborns following the 2013 to 2014 Zika virus epidemic in French Polynesia. Euro. Surveill., 21.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.13.30181"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00320-2","article-title":"Zika virus and microcephaly: Why is this situation a PHEIC?","volume":"387","author":"Heymann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600651","article-title":"Zika virus associated with microcephaly","volume":"374","author":"Mlakar","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00651-6","article-title":"Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 2013\u20132015: A retrospective study","volume":"387","author":"Cauchemez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1607583","article-title":"Prolonged shedding of Zika virus associated with congenital infection","volume":"375","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1605564","article-title":"Guillain-barre syndrome associated with Zika virus infection in Colombia","volume":"375","author":"Parra","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.008","article-title":"Zika virus infection during pregnancy in mice causes placental damage and fetal demise","volume":"165","author":"Miner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.03.012","article-title":"Expression analysis highlights AXL as a Candidate Zika virus entry receptor in neural stem cells","volume":"18","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.02.016","article-title":"Zika virus infects human cortical neural progenitors and attenuates their growth","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.015","article-title":"Zika virus infects human placental macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Quicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8880","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00354-15","article-title":"Biology of Zika virus infection in human skin cells","volume":"89","author":"Hamel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.032","article-title":"Brain-region-specific organoids using mini-bioreactors for modeling ZIKV Exposure","volume":"165","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.01.015","article-title":"African and Asian Zika virus strains differentially induce early antiviral responses in primary human astrocytes","volume":"49","author":"Hamel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.045","article-title":"Axl Mediates ZIKA virus entry in human glial cells and modulates innate immune responses","volume":"18","author":"Meertens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3124-16.2017","article-title":"Zika virus targeting in the developing brain","volume":"37","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14408","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618029113","article-title":"Zika virus cell tropism in the developing human brain and inhibition by azithromycin","volume":"113","author":"Retallack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.01.005","article-title":"Astrocytes are active players in cerebral innate immunity","volume":"28","author":"Farina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06205","article-title":"Interferon modulation of cellular microRNAs as an antiviral mechanism","volume":"449","author":"Pedersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1473","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Expression, avoidance and subversion by vertebrate viruses","volume":"4","author":"Sarnow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244193","article-title":"MicroRNA-128 governs neuronal excitability and motor behavior in mice","volume":"342","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0541-3","article-title":"A glance at subgenomic flavivirus RNAs and microRNAs in flavivirus infections","volume":"13","author":"Bavia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02608-15","article-title":"Human MicroRNA miR-532-5p exhibits antiviral activity against west Nile virus via suppression of host genes SESTD1 and TAB3 required for virus replication","volume":"90","author":"Slonchak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., He, Z., Hu, Y., Wen, W., Lin, C., Yu, J., Pan, J., Li, R., Deng, H., and Liao, S. (2014). MicroRNA-30e* suppresses dengue virus replication by promoting NF-\u03baB-dependent IFN production. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003088"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02586-15","article-title":"MicroRNA-19b-3p modulates Japanese encephalitis virus-mediated inflammation via targeting RNF11","volume":"90","author":"Ashraf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3828","article-title":"Borna disease virus infection impacts microRNAs associated with nervous system development, cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis in the hippocampi of neonatal rats","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113329","article-title":"Modulation of hepatitis C virus RNA abundance by a liver-specific MicroRNA","volume":"309","author":"Jopling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02655-12","article-title":"Human microRNA hsa-miR-296-5p suppresses enterovirus 71 replication by targeting the viral genome","volume":"87","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10849","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01151-07","article-title":"West Nile virus infection activates the unfolded protein response, leading to CHOP induction and apoptosis","volume":"81","author":"Medigeshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.160065","article-title":"Phylogeny of Zika virus in western Hemisphere, 2015","volume":"22","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0151","article-title":"First case of Zika virus infection in a returning Canadian traveler","volume":"91","author":"Fonseca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27907","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4875","article-title":"Targeting SOD1 induces synthetic lethal killing in BLM- and CHEK2-deficient colorectal cancer cells","volume":"6","author":"Sajesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coarfa, C., Pichot, C., Jackson, A., Tandon, A., Amin, V., Raghuraman, S., Paithankar, S., Lee, A.V., McGuire, S.E., and Milosavljevic, A. (2014). Analysis of interactions between the epigenome and structural mutability of the genome using Genboree Workbench tools. BMC Bioinform., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-S7-S2"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riehle, K., Coarfa, C., Jackson, A., Ma, J., Tandon, A., Paithankar, S., Raghuraman, S., Mistretta, T.A., Saulnier, D., and Raza, S. (2012). The genboree microbiome toolset and the analysis of 16S rRNA microbial sequences. BMC Bioinform., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-S13-S11"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W460","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv403","article-title":"DIANA-miRPath v3.0: Deciphering microRNA function with experimental support","volume":"43","author":"Vlachos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.2239606","article-title":"TarBase: A comprehensive database of experimentally supported animal microRNA targets","volume":"12","author":"Sethupathy","year":"2006","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majer, A., Medina, S.J., Niu, Y., Abrenica, B., Manguiat, K.J., Frost, K.L., Philipson, C.S., Sorensen, D.L., and Booth, S.A. (2012). Early mechanisms of pathobiology are revealed by transcriptional temporal dynamics in hippocampal CA1 neurons of prion infected mice. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003002"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.4.1257","article-title":"Establishment of a line of human fetal glial cells that supports JC virus multiplication","volume":"82","author":"Major","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, J.L., Jeng, S., McWeeney, S.K., and Hirsch, A.J. (2017). A MicroRNA screen identifies the Wnt signaling pathway as a regulator of the interferon response during flavivirus infection. J. Virol., 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02388-16"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.05.075","article-title":"Western Zika virus in human fetal neural progenitors persists long term with partial cytopathic and limited immunogenic effects","volume":"15","author":"Hanners","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8363","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01097-13","article-title":"A role for Ifit2 in restricting West Nile virus infection in the brain","volume":"87","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24397","article-title":"Porcine 2\u2032, 5\u2032-oligoadenylate synthetases inhibit Japanese encephalitis virus replication in vitro","volume":"88","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.9","article-title":"Zika virus infection reprograms global transcription of host cells to allow sustained infection","volume":"6","author":"Tiwari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.04.014","article-title":"Zika virus depletes neural progenitors in human cerebral organoids through activation of the innate immune receptor TLR3","volume":"19","author":"Dang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drosha, DGCR8, and Dicer mRNAs are down-regulated in human cells infected with dengue virus 4, and play a role in viral pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Casseb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res. GMR"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00007-9","article-title":"CD34-positive cells in human umbilical cord blood express nerve growth factor and its specific receptor TrkA","volume":"136","author":"Celestino","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.057265-0","article-title":"Regulated IRE1-dependent decay pathway is activated during Japanese encephalitis virus-induced unfolded protein response and benefits viral replication","volume":"95","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.07.019","article-title":"Zika virus NS4A and NS4B proteins deregulate Akt-mTOR Signaling in human fetal neural stem cells to inhibit neurogenesis and induce autophagy","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.004","article-title":"A screen of FDA-approved drugs for inhibitors of Zika virus infection","volume":"20","author":"Barrows","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMahon, M., Samali, A., and Chevet, E. (2017). Regulation of the unfolded protein response by non-coding RNA. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00293.2016"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-311","article-title":"Differential expression of interferon-induced microRNAs in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with pegylated interferon alpha","volume":"7","author":"Scagnolari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370215611764","article-title":"Human microRNAs profiling in response to influenza A viruses (subtypes pH1N1, H3N2, and H5N1)","volume":"241","author":"Makkoch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2009.09.011","article-title":"Primary microcephaly: Do all roads lead to Rome?","volume":"25","author":"Thornton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600848","article-title":"Unstable microtubule capture at kinetochores depleted of the centromere-associated protein CENP-F","volume":"24","author":"Bomont","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2014-102691","article-title":"The kinetochore protein, CENPF, is mutated in human ciliopathy and microcephaly phenotypes","volume":"52","author":"Waters","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12332","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01325-06","article-title":"RNA- and virus-independent inhibition of antiviral signaling by RNA helicase LGP2","volume":"80","author":"Komuro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faul, E.J., Wanjalla, C.N., Suthar, M.S., Gale, M., Wirblich, C., and Schnell, M.J. (2010). Rabies virus infection induces type I interferon production in an IPS-1 dependent manner while dendritic cell activation relies on IFNAR signaling. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001016"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20346","article-title":"Induction of chemokine and cytokine genes in astrocytes following infection with Theiler\u2019s murine encephalomyelitis virus is mediated by the Toll-like receptor 3","volume":"53","author":"So","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0002","article-title":"Extracellular dsRNA: Its function and mechanism of cellular uptake","volume":"34","author":"Nellimarla","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.12.032","article-title":"Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G activates a specific antiviral Toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway","volume":"362","author":"Georgel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.23.2.77.5471","article-title":"Corneal stimulation of MMP-1, -9 and uPA by platelet-activating factor is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 metabolites","volume":"23","author":"Ottino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(02)00011-3","article-title":"The role of platelet-activating factor in the corneal response to injury","volume":"21","author":"Bazan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.February.20.3","article-title":"MicroRNAs function primarily in the pathogenesis of human anencephaly via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/9\/10\/297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:47:22Z","timestamp":1760208442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/9\/10\/297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,14]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["v9100297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v9100297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,14]]}}}