{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:46:34Z","timestamp":1787802394926,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]],"date-time":"2017-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The orthopoxviruses (OPV) comprise several emerging viruses with great importance to human and veterinary medicine, including vaccinia virus (VACV), which causes outbreaks of bovine vaccinia (BV) in South America. Historically, VACV is the most comprehensively studied virus, however, its origin and natural hosts remain unknown. VACV was the primary component of the smallpox vaccine, largely used during the smallpox eradication campaign. After smallpox was declared eradicated, the vaccination that conferred immunity to OPV was discontinued, favoring a new contingent of susceptible individuals to OPV. VACV infections occur naturally after direct contact with infected dairy cattle, in recently vaccinated individuals, or through alternative routes of exposure. In Brazil, VACV outbreaks are frequently reported in rural areas, affecting mainly farm animals and humans. Recent studies have shown the role of wildlife in the VACV transmission chain, exploring the role of wild rodents as reservoirs that facilitate VACV spread throughout rural areas. Furthermore, VACV circulation in urban environments and the significance of this with respect to public health, have also been explored. In this review, we discuss the history, epidemiological, ecological and clinical aspects of natural VACV infections in Brazil, also highlighting alternative routes of VACV transmission, the factors involved in susceptibility to infection, and the natural history of the disease in humans and animals, and the potential for dissemination to urban environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]],"date-time":"2017-11-15T11:13:35Z","timestamp":1510744415000},"page":"340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Vaccinia Virus Natural Infections in Brazil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jaqueline","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poliana","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7360-6722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galileu","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bet\u00e2nia","family":"Drumond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1416-8694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio","family":"Da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1102-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maur\u00edcio","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias, Faculdade de Medicina de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo 15090-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2721-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erna","family":"Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giliane","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Damon, I. 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