{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:45:22Z","timestamp":1791852322633,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]],"date-time":"2017-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NFKI K119381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFKI K119381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NFKI K108607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFKI K108607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is among the most important infectious agents causing infertility in pigs. Until recently, it was thought that the virus had low genetic variance, and that prevention of its harmful effect on pig fertility could be well-controlled by vaccination. However, at the beginning of the third millennium, field observations raised concerns about the effectiveness of the available vaccines against newly emerging strains. Subsequent investigations radically changed our view on the evolution and immunology of PPV, revealing that the virus is much more diverse than it was earlier anticipated, and that some of the \u201cnew\u201d highly virulent isolates cannot be neutralized effectively by antisera raised against \u201cold\u201d PPV vaccine strains. These findings revitalized PPV research that led to significant advancements in the understanding of early and late viral processes during PPV infection. Our review summarizes the recent results of PPV research and aims to give a comprehensive update on the present understanding of PPV biology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v9120393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]],"date-time":"2017-12-20T11:34:14Z","timestamp":1513769654000},"page":"393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Biology of Porcine Parvovirus (Ungulate parvovirus 1)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferenc","family":"Olasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Cs\u00e1gola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva-Phylaxia Zrt., 1107 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Tijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Z\u00e1dori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"196","article-title":"Viruses isolated in association with herd infertility abortions and stillbirths in pigs","volume":"81","author":"Cartwrigh","year":"1967","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cartwright, S.F., Lucas, M., and Huck, R. (1969). A small haemagglutinating porcine DNA virus: I. Isolation and properties. J. Comp. Pathol., 79.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(69)90053-X"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.85.16.446","article-title":"Experimental infection of piglets and pregnant gilts with a parvovirus","volume":"85","author":"Johnson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Porcine reproductive failure associated with a newly identified \u201cSMEDI\u201d group of picorna viruses","volume":"26","author":"Dunne","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82302-0","article-title":"Study of the virulence and cross-neutralization capability of recent porcine parvovirus field isolates and vaccine viruses in experimentally infected pregnant gilts","volume":"88","author":"Zeeuw","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1975.36.08.1173","article-title":"Pathogenesis of in utero infection: Experimental infection of five-week-old porcine fetuses with porcine parvovirus","volume":"36","author":"Mengeling","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317841","article-title":"Observations on the pathogenesis of porcine parvovirus infection","volume":"51","author":"Joo","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01340540","article-title":"Transplacental infection and embryonic death following maternal exposure to porcine parvovirus near the time of conception","volume":"65","author":"Mengeling","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100.12.237","article-title":"The effect on reproductive performance of porcine parvovirus infection in a susceptible pig herd","volume":"100","author":"Joo","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1978.172.11.1291","article-title":"Prevalence of porcine parvovirus-induced reproductive failure: An abattoir study","volume":"172","author":"Mengeling","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879100300107","article-title":"A current assessment of the role of porcine parvovirus as a cause of fetal porcine death","volume":"3","author":"Mengeling","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1976.tb13862.x","article-title":"Observations on the epidemiology of porcine parvovirus","volume":"52","author":"Johnson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(85)90061-6","article-title":"Parvovirus infection in pigs with necrotic and vesicle-like lesions","volume":"10","author":"Kresse","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1984.45.11.2403","article-title":"Biological assay of attenuated strain NADL-2 and virulent strain NADL-8 of porcine parvovirus","volume":"45","author":"Mengeling","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2005.00878.x","article-title":"Tissue distribution of two field isolates and two vaccine strains of porcine parvovirus in foetal organs after experimental infection of pregnant sows as determined by real-time PCR","volume":"52","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00135-4","article-title":"The effect of porcine parvovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on porcine reproductive performance","volume":"60","author":"Mengeling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01309668","article-title":"Tissue tropisms of porcine parvovirus in swine","volume":"130","author":"Oraveerakul","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.25.3.1003-1007.1979","article-title":"Replication of Porcine Parvovirus in Peripheral-Blood Lymphocytes, Monocytes, and Peritoneal-Macrophages","volume":"25","author":"Paul","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314655","article-title":"Porcine parvovirus: Replication in and inhibition of selected cellular functions of swine alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood lymphocytes","volume":"101","author":"Harding","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.11.018","article-title":"Molecular beacon real-time PCR detection of swine viruses","volume":"140","author":"McKillen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.02.006","article-title":"Real-time PCR to detect and analyze virulent PPV loads in artificially challenged sows and their fetuses","volume":"138","author":"Miao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7782","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00479-10","article-title":"Multiple pathways involved in porcine parvovirus cellular entry and trafficking toward the nucleus","volume":"84","author":"Boisvert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9520","article-title":"Controlled conformational transitions in the MVM virion expose the VP1 N-terminus and viral genome without particle disassembly","volume":"254","author":"Cotmore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14502","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M312630200","article-title":"Interfacial enzymology of parvovirus phospholipases A2","volume":"279","author":"Canaan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(01)00031-4","article-title":"A viral phospholipase A 2 is required for parvovirus infectivity","volume":"1","author":"Szelei","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.04.022","article-title":"Ceramide formation mediated by acid sphingomyelinase facilitates endosomal escape of caliciviruses","volume":"483","author":"Shivanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11748","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01717-14","article-title":"Classic nuclear localization signals and a novel nuclear localization motif are required for nuclear transport of porcine parvovirus capsid proteins","volume":"88","author":"Boisvert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.01.019","article-title":"Nuclear transport of trimeric assembly intermediates exerts a morphogenetic control on the icosahedral parvovirus capsid","volume":"357","author":"Riolobos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar, S., Daeffler, L., Rommelaere, J., and Nuesch, J.P. (2008). Vesicular egress of non-enveloped lytic parvoviruses depends on gelsolin functioning. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000126"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1974.35.02.249","article-title":"Titration of two porcine respiratory viruses in mammalian cell cultures by direct fluorescent antibody staining","volume":"35","author":"Pirtle","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.4.2508-2515.1996","article-title":"Genome organization of the Kresse strain of porcine parvovirus: Identification of the allotropic determinant and comparison with those of NADL-2 and field isolates","volume":"70","author":"Bergeron","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02215-10","article-title":"Genetic elements in the VP region of porcine parvovirus are critical to replication efficiency in cell culture","volume":"85","author":"Fernandes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.059741-0","article-title":"Differential replication of two porcine parvovirus strains in bovine cell lines ensues from initial DNA processing and NS1 expression","volume":"95","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.12.011","article-title":"Porcine parvovirus infection induces apoptosis in PK-15 cells through activation of p53 and mitochondria-mediated pathway","volume":"456","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X.M., Xiang, H.L., Bai, X.Y., Fei, N.J., Huang, Y., Song, X.J., Zhang, H.L., Zhang, L., and Tong, D.W. (2016). Porcine parvovirus infection activates mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway by inducing ROS accumulation. Virol. J., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0480-z"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meszaros, I., Toth, R., Olasz, F., Tijssen, P., and Zadori, Z. (2017). The SAT Protein of Porcine Parvovirus Accelerates Viral Spreading through Induction of Irreversible Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. J. Virol., 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00627-17"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.10.56","article-title":"Parvovirus infection-induced cell death and cell cycle arrest","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13129","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.20.13129-13138.2005","article-title":"SAT: A late NS protein of porcine parvovirus","volume":"79","author":"Zadori","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.6.2729-2740.2001","article-title":"Evolutionary relationships among parvoviruses: Virus-host coevolution among autonomous primate parvoviruses and links between adeno-associated and avian parvoviruses","volume":"75","author":"Lukashov","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"349","article-title":"Parvovirus variation for disease: A difference with RNA viruses?","volume":"299","author":"Villarreal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2323","article-title":"Rates of evolutionary change in viruses: Patterns and determinants","volume":"9","author":"Duffy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.10.007","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and evolution of porcine parvoviruses","volume":"36","author":"Streck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.04.020","article-title":"Phylogeny and evolutionary genetics of porcine parvovirus in wild boars","volume":"12","author":"Cadar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.012054-0","article-title":"Vaccination against porcine parvovirus protects against disease, but does not prevent infection and virus shedding after challenge infection with a heterologous virus strain","volume":"90","author":"Manteufel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.052555-0","article-title":"Population dynamics and in vitro antibody pressure of porcine parvovirus indicate a decrease in variability","volume":"94","author":"Streck","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.033662-0","article-title":"High rate of viral evolution in the capsid protein of porcine parvovirus","volume":"92","author":"Streck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.09.014","article-title":"Phylogeny and evolution of porcine parvovirus","volume":"178","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.11.003","article-title":"Phylogeny and evolution of the NS1 and VP1\/VP2 gene sequences from porcine parvovirus","volume":"140","author":"Shangjin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19011-0","article-title":"Genetic variability of porcine parvovirus isolates revealed by analysis of partial sequences of the structural coding gene VP2","volume":"84","author":"Cortez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81086-0","article-title":"VP1 sequences of German porcine parvovirus isolates define two genetic lineages","volume":"87","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(97)00145-7","article-title":"Mapping the antigenic structure of porcine parvovirus at the level of peptides","volume":"53","author":"Kamstrup","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn121","article-title":"Presence and role of cytosine methylation in DNA viruses of animals","volume":"36","author":"Hoelzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-005-0221-1","article-title":"Evolutionary basis of codon usage and nucleotide composition bias in vertebrate DNA viruses","volume":"62","author":"Shackelton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toth, R., Meszaros, I., Stefancsik, R., Bartha, D., Balint, A., and Zadori, Z. (2013). CpG Distribution and Methylation Pattern in Porcine Parvovirus. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085986"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1089\/08828240260066297","article-title":"A longitudinal study of cell-mediated immunity in pigs infected with porcine parvovirus","volume":"15","author":"Nielsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.09.1368","article-title":"Effect of Vaccinal and Passive-Immunity on Experimental-Infection of Pigs with Porcine Parvovirus","volume":"41","author":"Paul","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"237","article-title":"Transitional antibodies and spontaneous infection in the porcine (Sus scrofa) parvo viral infections","volume":"16","author":"Etoh","year":"1979","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Swine Husb. Res. (Japan)"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1301-0","article-title":"Dynamics of vanishing of maternally derived antibodies of Ungulate protoparvovirus 1 suggests an optimal age for gilts vaccination","volume":"49","author":"Gava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"81","article-title":"Immunizing effects of inactivated porcine parvovirus vaccine on piglets","volume":"16","author":"Suzuki","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Inst. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2017.08.003","article-title":"Markedly different immune responses and virus kinetics in littermates infected with porcine circovirus type 2 or porcine parvovirus type 1","volume":"191","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000446","article-title":"An inactivated whole-virus porcine parvovirus vaccine protects pigs against disease but does not prevent virus shedding even after homologous virus challenge","volume":"97","author":"Foerster","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steiner, E., Balmelli, C., Gerber, H., Summerfield, A., and McCullough, K. (2009). Cellular adaptive immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 in subclinically infected pigs. BMC Vet. Res., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-5-45"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)34111-0","article-title":"Transplacental infection of piglets with a porcine parvovirus","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(71)90067-3","article-title":"A small haemagglutinating porcine DNA virus: II. Biological and serological studies","volume":"81","author":"Cartwright","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0359-4","article-title":"Differential expression of micrornas in porcine parvovirus infected porcine cell line","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05204-11","article-title":"Immunogenicity of Recombinant Classic Swine Fever Virus CD8(+) T Lymphocyte Epitope and Porcine Parvovirus VP2 Antigen Coexpressed by Lactobacillus casei in Swine via Oral Vaccination","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-007-9459-6","article-title":"A recombinant pseudorabies virus co-expressing capsid proteins precursor P1-2A of FMDV and VP2 protein of porcine parvovirus: A trivalent vaccine candidate","volume":"29","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"44","article-title":"Isolation of circovirus from lesions of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Ellis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.37-3-254","article-title":"Viral wasting syndrome of swine: Experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic swine by coinfection with porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus","volume":"37","author":"Krakowka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2003.07.003","article-title":"Risk factors for porcine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in 149 French farrow-to-finish herds","volume":"61","author":"Rose","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1998.0295","article-title":"Experimental reproduction of severe wasting disease by co-infection of pigs with porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus","volume":"121","author":"Allan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2000.0421","article-title":"Distribution of porcine parvovirus in porcine circovirus 2-infected pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome as shown by in-situ hybridization","volume":"123","author":"Choi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200104","article-title":"Coinfection by porcine circoviruses and porcine parvovirus in pigs with naturally acquired postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Ellis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1999.0337","article-title":"Reproduction of lesions of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by infection of conventional pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 alone or in combination with porcine parvovirus","volume":"122","author":"Kennedy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.45-6-842","article-title":"Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs by prenatal porcine circovirus 2 infection and postnatal porcine parvovirus infection or immunostimulation","volume":"45","author":"Ha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.04.010","article-title":"Experimental infection of 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus","volume":"108","author":"Ostanello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.016469-0","article-title":"Colostral transmission of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2): Reproduction of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs fed milk from PCV-2-infected sows with post-natal porcine parvovirus infection or immunostimulation","volume":"91","author":"Ha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.07.001","article-title":"Infectious risk factors for individual postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) development in pigs from affected farms in Spain and Denmark","volume":"93","author":"Stockmarr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00425-4","article-title":"Porcine circovirus 2 infection in swine foetuses inoculated at different stages of gestation","volume":"83","author":"Sanchez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1976.tb09517.x","article-title":"A standardised haemagglutination inhibition test for porcine parvovirus antibody","volume":"52","author":"Joo","year":"1976","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeoung, H.Y., Lim, S.I., Kim, J.J., Cho, Y.Y., Kim, Y.K., Song, J.Y., Hyun, B.H., and An, D.J. (2015). Serological prevalence of viral agents that induce reproductive failure in South Korean wild boar. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0396-7"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Phuong, C.T.B., and Le, H.T.M. (2016, January 7\u20138). Prevalence of Antibodies to Porcine Parvovirus in Swine in Hanoi and Its Vicinity. Proceedings of the Conference on Agriculture Development in the Context of International Integration: Opportunities and Challenges, Hanoi, Vietnam."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-006-3212-9","article-title":"The recombinant nonstructural polyprotein NS1 of porcine parvovirus (PPV) as diagnostic antigen in ELISA to differentiate infected from vaccinated pigs","volume":"30","author":"Qing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, C.P., Zhu, C., Zhang, C.F., and Cui, S.J. (2010). Detection of porcine parvovirus using a taqman-based real-time pcr with primers and probe designed for the NS1 gene. Virol. J., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-353"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.03.003","article-title":"A TaqMan qPCR for quantitation of Ungulate protoparvovirus 1 validated in several matrices","volume":"218","author":"Streck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H.Q., Cai, X.Q., Lin, Z.X., Li, X.L., Yue, Q.Y., Li, R., and Zhu, X.Q. (2015). Rapid and specific detection of porcine parvovirus using real-time PCR and High Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0364-2"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.02.005","article-title":"Rapid detection of porcine parvovirus DNA by sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification","volume":"158","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12171","article-title":"A sensitive and specific nanoparticle-assisted PCR assay for rapid detection of porcine parvovirus","volume":"58","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.08.011","article-title":"Rapid and specific detection of porcine parvovirus by isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assays","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.03.034","article-title":"Development of multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of six swine DNA and RNA viruses","volume":"183","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.06.024","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of porcine parvovirus and porcine circovirus type 2 by duplex real-time PCR and amplicon melting curve analysis using SYBR Green","volume":"187","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.06.027","article-title":"Development of an EvaGreen-based multiplex real-time PCR assay with melting curve analysis for simultaneous detection and differentiation of six viral pathogens of porcine reproductive and respiratory disorder","volume":"208","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2014.07.001","article-title":"A sensitive multiplex real-time PCR panel for rapid diagnosis of viruses associated with porcine respiratory and reproductive disorders","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.08.001","article-title":"Establishment and application of a multiplex PCR for rapid and simultaneous detection of six viruses in swine","volume":"208","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.08.001","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of eight swine reproductive and respiratory pathogens using a novel GeXP analyser-based multiplex PCR assay","volume":"224","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.12.004","article-title":"Simultaneous typing of seven porcine pathogens by multiplex PCR with a GeXP analyser","volume":"232","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.01.022","article-title":"A colorimetric assay for viral agents that produce cytopathic effects","volume":"135","author":"Heldt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01249866","article-title":"Paroviruses as contaminants of permanent human cell lines. IV. Multiplication of KBSH-virus in KB-cells","volume":"36","author":"Siegl","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/9\/12\/393\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:54:41Z","timestamp":1760208881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/9\/12\/393"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v9120393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v9120393","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]}}}