{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:11:25Z","timestamp":1792059085787,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-15-00072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-15-00072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To develop a modern plague vaccine, we used hypo-endotoxic Yersinia\u00a0pestis bacterial ghosts (BGs) with combinations of genes encoding the bacteriophage \u0278X174 lysis-mediating protein E and\/or holin-endolysin systems from \u03bb or L-413C phages. Expression of the protein E gene resulted in the BGs that retained the shape of the original bacterium. Co-expression of this gene with genes coding for holin-endolysin system of the phage L-413C caused formation of structures resembling collapsed sacs. Such structures, which have lost their rigidity, were also formed as a result of the expression of only the L-413C holin-endolysin genes. A similar holin-endolysin system from phage \u03bb containing mutated holin gene S and intact genes R-Rz coding for the endolysins caused generation of mixtures of BGs that had (i) practically preserved and (ii) completely lost their original rigidity. The addition of protein E to the work of this system shifted the equilibrium in the mixture towards the collapsed sacs. The collapse of the structure of BGs can be explained by endolysis of peptidoglycan sacculi. Immunizations of laboratory animals with the variants of BGs followed by infection with a wild-type Y. pestis strain showed that bacterial envelopes protected only cavies. BGs with maximally hydrolyzed peptidoglycan had a greater protectivity compared to BGs with a preserved peptidoglycan skeleton.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T23:29:07Z","timestamp":1640906947000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Peptidoglycan-Free Bacterial Ghosts Confer Enhanced Protection against Yersinia pestis Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1996-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana V.","family":"Dentovskaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia S.","family":"Vagaiskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail E.","family":"Platonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9223-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra S.","family":"Trunyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergei A.","family":"Kotov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disinfectology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Krasil\u2019nikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina M.","family":"Titareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizaveta M.","family":"Mazurina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tat\u2019yana V.","family":"Gapel\u2019chenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rima Z.","family":"Shaikhutdinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergei A.","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tat\u2019yana I.","family":"Kombarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomodels, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir N.","family":"Gerasimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disinfectology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-5857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir N.","family":"Uversky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer\u2019s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5499-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey P.","family":"Anisimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Plotkin, A.S., Orenstein, W.A., Offit, P.A., and Edwards, K.M. 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