{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T13:36:30Z","timestamp":1774791390651,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108525 and 109475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108525 and 109475"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2090- 32000-039-00-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2090- 32000-039-00-D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP180102584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP180102584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-67015-31809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-67015-31809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-67015-31416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-67015-31416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hatch MultiState","award":["NE-1701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE-1701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Babesiosis is a disease caused by tickborne hemoprotozoan apicomplexan parasites of the genus Babesia that negatively impacts public health and food security worldwide. Development of effective and sustainable vaccines against babesiosis is currently hindered in part by the absence of definitive host correlates of protection. Despite that, studies in Babesia microti and Babesia bovis, major causative agents of human and bovine babesiosis, respectively, suggest that early activation of innate immune responses is crucial for vertebrates to survive acute infection. Trained immunity (TI) is defined as the development of memory in vertebrate innate immune cells, allowing more efficient responses to subsequent specific and non-specific challenges. Considering that Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), a widely used anti-tuberculosis attenuated vaccine, induces strong TI pro-inflammatory responses, we hypothesize that BCG TI may protect vertebrates against acute babesiosis. This premise is supported by early investigations demonstrating that BCG inoculation protects mice against experimental B. microti infection and recent observations that BCG vaccination decreases the severity of malaria in children infected with Plasmodium falciparum, a Babesia-related parasite. We also discuss the potential use of TI in conjunction with recombinant BCG vaccines expressing Babesia immunogens. In conclusion, by concentrating on human and bovine babesiosis, herein we intend to raise awareness of BCG TI as a strategy to efficiently control Babesia infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:46:06Z","timestamp":1642365966000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Harnessing Mycobacterium bovis BCG Trained Immunity to Control Human and Bovine Babesiosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1457-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reginaldo G.","family":"Bastos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0260-7813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba F.","family":"Alzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA"},{"name":"Parasitology and  Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vignesh A.","family":"Rathinasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odir A.","family":"Dellagostin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal G.","family":"Barletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6112-2931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(92)90047-D","article-title":"Investigations of breakdowns in protection provided by living Babesia bovis vaccine","volume":"43","author":"Bock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. 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