{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:31:11Z","timestamp":1772253071792,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Relatively little is known about social inequality in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among teenagers in the United States. This study aims to investigate whether there is a social disparity in HPV vaccination among teenagers and if so, whether it can differ according to the source of teen vaccination information (parental reports and provider records). Methods: We used the data from the 2019 National Immunization Survey-Teen (NIS-Teen; 42,668 teenagers, aged 13\u201317) including parent-reported vaccination status. Among them, 18,877 teenagers had adequate provider-reported vaccination records. Two socioeconomic status (SES) measures were used: mother\u2019s education and annual family income. Multivariate logistic analyses were conducted. Results: False negatives of parental reports against provider records were more than two times higher (p &lt; 0.001) in low-SES teens than in high-SES teens. In both SES measures, the proportion of HPV-unvaccinated teenagers was lowest at the highest SES level in analyses with parental reports. However, it was the opposite in analyses with provider records. Interestingly, regardless of the vaccination information source, the HPV unvaccinated rate was highest in the middle-SES teens (&gt;12 years, non-college graduates; above poverty level, but not &gt;USD 75 K). Conclusions: Significant social inequality in HPV vaccination among teenagers exists in the United States. The pattern of social inequality in HPV vaccination can be distorted when only parent-reported vaccination information is used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T21:07:11Z","timestamp":1643144831000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of Social Inequality in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination among Teenagers with Parental Reports and Healthcare Providers\u2019 Records in the 2019 National Immunization Survey-Teen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sol Seo","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University High School, Irvine, CA 92612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"BongKyoo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Work and Health Research, 35 Schubert Court, Irvine, CA 92617, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23758","article-title":"Using population-based cancer registry data to assess the burden of human papillomavirus-associated cancers in the United States: Overview of methods","volume":"113","author":"Watson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv086","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv086","article-title":"US assessment of HPV types in cancers: Implications for current and 9-valent HPV vaccines","volume":"107","author":"Saraiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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