{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:29:35Z","timestamp":1790728175487,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the role of active smoking on response to vaccines is yet to be fully understood, some real-world studies have outlined a possible link between smoking and humoral response to COVID-19 vaccines. Thus, the present rapid systematic review aimed at summarizing the current epidemiological evidence on this association. Following PRISMA and WHO guidelines on rapid systematic reviews, we systematically reviewed published literature on this topic and discussed the findings according to the aim of analysing smoking and its impact on humoral response to COVID-19 postvaccination antibody titres. The search strategy yielded a total of 23 articles. The sample size amongst the studies ranged between 74 and 3475 participants (median, 360), with the proportion of smokers being between 4.2% and 40.8% (median, 26.0%). The studies included in this review analysis investigated the dynamics of antibody response to different type of COVID-19 vaccines. In 17 out of 23 studies, current smokers showed much lower antibody titres or more rapid lowering of the vaccine-induced IgG compared with nonsmokers. This rapid systematic review indicates that active smoking negatively impacts humoral response to COVID-19 vaccines, although the pathophysiologic mechanisms for this association have not been entirely suggested. The results advocate targeted policies to promote tailored health promotion initiatives, which can increase risk perception and ensure appropriate protection measures to be taken to avoid the health consequences of COVID-19 in smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T20:28:59Z","timestamp":1645043339000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["The Effect of Smoking on Humoral Response to COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0349-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan, Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3848-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenza","family":"Gianfredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2287-7343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venera","family":"Tomaselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of HArm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8450-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Polosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of HArm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Internal Medicine, AOU \u201cPoliclinico-V. Emanuele\u201d, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Tobacco (2022, February 02). Newsroom. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tobacco."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, January 27). Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 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