{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:58:01Z","timestamp":1781848681351,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]],"date-time":"2022-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine stimulates the humoral response. Our study aimed to compare the intensity of the humoral immune response, measured by SARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBD-neutralizing IgG antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination versus after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed 1060 people in the following groups: convalescents; healthy unvaccinated individuals; individuals vaccinated with Comirnaty, AstraZeneca, Moderna, or Johnson &amp; Johnson; and vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 convalescents. The concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBD-neutralizing antibodies were estimated in an oncology hospital laboratory by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA; MAGLUMI). Results: (1) We observed a rise in antibody response in both the SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and COVID-19-vaccinated groups. (2) The levels of all antibody concentrations in vaccinated COVID-19 convalescents were significantly higher. (3) We differentiated asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 convalescents from the control group. Our analysis suggests that monitoring SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody concentrations is essential as an indicator of asymptomatic COVID-19 and as a measure of the effectiveness of the humoral response in convalescents and vaccinated people. Considering the time-limited effects of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection recovery or vaccination and the physiological half-life, among other factors, we suggest monitoring IgG antibody levels as a criterion for future vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:23:29Z","timestamp":1645431809000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Systemic COVID-19 Vaccination Enhances the Humoral Immune Response after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Population Study from a Hospital in Poland Criteria for COVID-19 Reimmunization Are Needed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8428-2225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kosiorek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, Ogrodowa 12, 15-027 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Jana Kili\u0144skiego 1, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota El\u017cbieta","family":"Kazberuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, Ogrodowa 12, 15-027 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0351-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Hryniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Jana Kili\u0144skiego 1, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6241-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Milewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Jana Kili\u0144skiego 1, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Str\u00f3\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Jana Kili\u0144skiego 1, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Stasiak-Barmuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Jana Kili\u0144skiego 1, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03791-x","article-title":"Systems vaccinology of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in humans","volume":"596","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koch, T., Mellinghoff, S.C., Shamsrizi, P., Addo, M.M., and Dahlke, C. 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