{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:33Z","timestamp":1787030133553,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The unprecedented global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has imposed huge challenges on the healthcare facilities, and impacted every aspect of life. This has led to the development of several vaccines against COVID-19 within one year. This study aimed to assess the attitudes and the side effects among Arab communities after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine and use of machine learning (ML) tools to predict post-vaccination side effects based on predisposing factors. Methods: An online-based multinational survey was carried out via social media platforms from 14 June to 31 August 2021, targeting individuals who received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine from 22 Arab countries. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. Moreover, extensive ML tools were utilized to predict 30 post vaccination adverse effects and their severity based on 15 predisposing factors. The importance of distinct predisposing factors in predicting particular side effects was determined using global feature importance employing gradient boost as AutoML. Results: A total of 10,064 participants from 19 Arab countries were included in this study. Around 56% were female and 59% were aged from 20 to 39 years old. A high rate of vaccine hesitancy (51%) was reported among participants. Almost 88% of the participants were vaccinated with one of three COVID-19 vaccines, including Pfizer-BioNTech (52.8%), AstraZeneca (20.7%), and Sinopharm (14.2%). About 72% of participants experienced post-vaccination side effects. This study reports statistically significant associations (p &lt; 0.01) between various predisposing factors and post-vaccinations side effects. In terms of predicting post-vaccination side effects, gradient boost, random forest, and XGBoost outperformed other ML methods. The most important predisposing factors for predicting certain side effects (i.e., tiredness, fever, headache, injection site pain and swelling, myalgia, and sleepiness and laziness) were revealed to be the number of doses, gender, type of vaccine, age, and hesitancy to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusions: The reported side effects following COVID-19 vaccination among Arab populations are usually non-life-threatening; flu-like symptoms and injection site pain. Certain predisposing factors have greater weight and importance as input data in predicting post-vaccination side effects. Based on the most significant input data, ML can also be used to predict these side effects; people with certain predicted side effects may require additional medical attention, or possibly hospitalization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:49:03Z","timestamp":1645994943000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Reported Adverse Effects and Attitudes among Arab Populations Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Large-Scale Multinational Study Implementing Machine Learning Tools in Predicting Post-Vaccination Adverse Effects Based on Predisposing Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1745-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u2019mon M.","family":"Hatmal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad A. I.","family":"Al-Hatamleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin N.","family":"Olaimat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2465-6421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohimah","family":"Mohamud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirna","family":"Fawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut 1105, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2077-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham T.","family":"Kateeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Research and Promotion Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 51000, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar K.","family":"Alkhairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1640-0511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reema","family":"Tayyem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Lounis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agro-Veterinary Science, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Ziane Achour, BP 3117, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0984-2098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwan","family":"Al-Raeei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasheed K.","family":"Dana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1681-6747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamzeh J.","family":"Al-Ameer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, American University of Madaba, P.O. Box 99, Madaba 17110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4453-072X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutasem O.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6222-4128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Bindayna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatmal, M.M., Alshaer, W., Al-Hatamleh, M.A.I., Hatmal, M., Smadi, O., Taha, M.O., Oweida, A.J., Boer, J.C., Mohamud, R., and Plebanski, M. 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