{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:38:44Z","timestamp":1780537124439,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Luxembourg Ministry of European and Foreign Affairs","award":["PaReCIDS II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PaReCIDS II"]}]},{"name":"Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute","award":["Education Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Education Fund"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Xaysomboun province has some of the lowest health indicators in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic (PDR). This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the vaccination, susceptibility and exposure status of the population to hepatitis B virus (HBV), measles, rubella, and tetanus. Participants aged 5 years and older were randomly selected from four districts. From each enrolled participant, demographic data and 5 mL of blood sample were taken. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies against HBV, measles, rubella, and tetanus were detected by ELISA. A total of 363 participants (age 5 to 80 years) were included. HBV exposure, as determined by anti-HBV core (anti-HBc) antibodies, was 56.2% overall, and was significantly higher among those aged \u226521 years (78.1%). HBsAg was detected in 9.4% overall and increased to 20% in ages 31\u201340 years. Only 13.8% of participants had serology indicative of vaccination (anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc negative). Seroprotection against measles was 74.6% overall but only 41.7% in children aged 5\u201310 years. Anti-rubella IgG was 94.2% overall and high in all age groups. Tetanus seroprevalence was only 47.4% overall but significantly higher in females aged 31\u201340 (75.6%). We suggest strengthening of routine and booster HBV, measles, and tetanus vaccine coverage in Xaysomboun province.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1647812237000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Susceptibility to Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Four Districts of Xaysomboun Province, Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Siriphone","family":"Virachith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LaoLuxLab, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane Capital 01030, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mapor","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane Capital 01030, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnoula","family":"Inthepphavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane Capital 01030, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saythong","family":"Inthalath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane Capital 01030, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5001-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith M.","family":"H\u00fcbschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sengchanh","family":"Kounnavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane Capital 01030, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somphou","family":"Sayasone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane Capital 01030, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony P.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LaoLuxLab, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane Capital 01030, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01526","article-title":"Impact of Vaccines; Health, Economic and Social Perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12737","article-title":"Seroepidemiology: An underused tool for designing and monitoring vaccination programmes in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"21","author":"Cutts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1413-7","article-title":"Combining serological and contact data to derive target immunity levels for achieving and maintaining measles elimination","volume":"17","author":"Funk","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12073","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B infections among blood donors in Lao PDR","volume":"106","author":"Jutavijittum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-457","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus in the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic: A cross sectional serosurvey in different cohorts","volume":"14","author":"Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black, A.P., Vilivong, K., Nouanthong, P., Souvannaso, C., H\u00fcbschen, J.M., and Muller, C.P. (2015). Serosurveillance of vaccine preventable diseases and hepatitis C in healthcare workers from Lao PDR. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123647"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xaydalasouk, K., Strobel, M., Buisson, Y., Black, A.P., and Muller, P. (2018). Seroprevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C virus infections in female workers of Lao garment factories. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199919"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1993.0102","article-title":"The influence of age on the development of the hepatitis B carrier state","volume":"253","author":"Edmunds","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2021, December 30). World Cancer Research Fund Liver Cancer Statistics. Available online: www.wcrf.org\/dietandcancer\/liver-cancer-statistics."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, November 30). WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: Monitoring System. 2020 Global Summary. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/immunization_monitoring\/globalsummary."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Lao Statistics Bureau, and UNICEF (2021, December 30). Lao Social Indicator Survey II, 2017; Lao Statistics Bureau and UNICEF, Lao PDR. Survey Findings Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/eap\/sites\/unicef.org.eap\/files\/2018-06\/Summary%20Survey%20Findings%20Report%20an%20statistical%20snapshots%20of%20Lao%20Social%20Indicator%20Survey%20II.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.055","article-title":"Lasting benefit of infant hepatitis B vaccination in adolescents in the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"93","author":"Hefele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nouanthong, P., Hefele, L., Keokhamphue, J., Sorrasin, V., Khounvisith, V., Souksakhone, C., Jutavijittum, P., Muller, C.P., Black, A.P., and H\u00fcbschen, J.M. (2021). Analyses of blood donor samples from eight provinces in Lao PDR suggest considerable variation concerning HBV exposure and carriage. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259814"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hachiya, M., Miyano, S., Mori, Y., Vynnycky, E., Keungsaneth, P., Vongphrachanh, P., Xeuatvongsa, A., Sisouk, T., Som-Oulay, V., and Khamphaphongphane, B. (2018). Evaluation of nationwide supplementary immunization in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic: Population-based seroprevalence survey of anti-measles and anti-rubella IgG in children and adults, mathematical modelling and a stability testing of the vaccine. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194931"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2021, December 30). WHO International Review of the Expanded Programme on Immunization. Available online: www.wpro.who.int\/immunization\/...\/Intl_Review_of_EPI_in_Lao.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Lao Statistics Bureau 2012 (2012). Lao Social Indicator Study (LSIS) 2011\u20132012. Ministry of Health and Lao Statistics Bureau. Lao Soc. Indic. Study, 12, 1\u2013496. Available online: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR268\/FR268.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.06.074","article-title":"Diphtheria outbreak in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic, 2012\u20132013","volume":"34","author":"Sein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanthavong, N., Black, A.P., Nouanthong, P., Souvannaso, C., Vilivong, K., Muller, C.P., Goossens, S., Quet, F., and Buisson, Y. (2015). Diphtheria in Lao PDR: Insufficient coverage or ineffective vaccine?. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121749"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.074","article-title":"Pertussis in Lao PDR: Seroprevalence and disease","volume":"95","author":"Kleine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.11.007","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-tetanus antibodies in mothers and cord blood and associated factors in health-care settings in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"38","author":"Ounnavong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2002). The Study on the Improvement of Health and Medical Services in the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic: Lao Health Master Planning Study."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Lao Statistics Bureau (2021, December 30). The 4th Population and Housing Census 2015, Available online: http:\/\/lao.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pub-pdf\/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf%0Ahttp:\/\/www.lsb.gov.la\/lsb\/pdf\/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz143","article-title":"Seroprotection at Different Levels of the Healthcare System after Routine Vaccination with Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis whole cell-Hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae Type B in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"69","author":"Hefele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.10.007","article-title":"Low and disparate seroprotection after pentavalent childhood vaccination in the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic: A cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Evdokimov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2006.04.004","article-title":"A review of the long-term protection after hepatitis A and B vaccination","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318173966f","article-title":"Benefits of early hepatitis B immunization programs for newborns and infants","volume":"27","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.033","article-title":"Age-stratified seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable infectious disease in Saravan, Southern Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"107","author":"Xaydalasouk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.080","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccine stored outside the cold chain setting: A pilot study in rural Lao PDR","volume":"34","author":"Kolwaite","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.08.017","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Thailand: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Leroi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4428-y","article-title":"Hepatitis B infection in the general population of China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.1787","article-title":"Measles and measles vaccination a review","volume":"170","author":"Bester","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3990-7","article-title":"Varicella zoster and fever rash surveillance in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"19","author":"Nouanthong","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49018-y","article-title":"Estimating the immunogenicity of measles-rubella vaccination administered during a mass campaign in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic using multi-valent seroprevalence data","volume":"9","author":"Vynnycky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0470","article-title":"Tetanus in Southern Vietnam: Current situation","volume":"96","author":"Thuy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"36","article-title":"Serological study carried out in Cambodia during a tetanus vaccination in adults","volume":"101","author":"Schlumberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.088","article-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis among healthy Thai adolescents","volume":"96","author":"Hanvatananukul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"178","article-title":"Factors affecting childhood immunization in lao people\u2019s democratic republic: A cross-sectional study from nationwide, populationbased, multistage cluster sampling","volume":"7","author":"Kitamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.07.077","article-title":"Factors affecting compliance with measles vaccination in Lao PDR","volume":"28","author":"Phimmasane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/10\/3\/463\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:38:34Z","timestamp":1760135914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/10\/3\/463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines10030463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10030463","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]}}}