{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T22:16:35Z","timestamp":1785017795121,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 remains a deadly disease that poses a serious threat to humanity. COVID-19 vaccines protect the public and limit viral spread. However, public acceptance is significantly dependent on the efficacy and side effects (SEs) of the vaccinations being produced. Four important mechanisms have been examined for COVID-19 vaccines: DNA-based, mRNA-based, protein-based, and inactivated viruses. Vaccination safety research was formerly limited to manufacturer-sponsored studies, but numerous additional cross-sectional survey-based studies conducted globally have contributed to the generation of vaccine-related safety data reports. Twenty-seven studies and twenty-four case reports published-up till 2021 were overviewed for the presentation of SEs and their severity. Injection site pain remained the most dominant localized SE, while headache and fatigue were the most prevalent systemic SEs. Most studies reported that all vaccinations were safe, with very little or no adverse effects, but the nature of SEs was reported to be more persistent in DNA- and mRNA-based vaccines, while inactivated viral vaccines were associated with longer-duration SEs. Overall, SEs were found to be more dominant in women and youngsters. Case reports of adverse reactions have also been documented, but there is still a need to find out their pathological linkage with the COVID-19 vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10040488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T23:30:23Z","timestamp":1647991823000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["The Side Effects and Adverse Clinical Cases Reported after COVID-19 Immunization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1600-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshina","family":"Rabail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madiha","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College Women University, Madina Town, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0137-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Shahid Riaz","family":"Rajoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3059-292X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdo","family":"Hassoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable AgriFoodtech Innovation & Research (SAFIR), 62000 Arras, France"},{"name":"Syrian Academic Expertise (SAE), Gaziantep 27200, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdur Rauf","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moazzam Rafiq","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0185-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rana Muhammad","family":"Aadil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13891","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13891","article-title":"While studies on COVID-19 vaccine is ongoing, the public\u2019s thoughts and attitudes to the future COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"75","author":"Akarsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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