{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:09:50Z","timestamp":1787238590946,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,10]],"date-time":"2022-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high-density microneedle array patch (HD-MAP) is a promising alternative vaccine delivery system device with broad application in disease, including SARS-CoV-2. Skin reactivity to HD-MAP applications has been extensively studied in young individuals, but not in the &gt;65 years population, a risk group often requiring higher dose vaccines to produce protective immune responses. The primary aims of the present study were to characterise local inflammatory responses and barrier recovery to HD-MAPs in elderly skin. In twelve volunteers aged 69\u201384 years, HD-MAPs were applied to the forearm and deltoid regions. Measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), dielectric permittivity and erythema were performed before and after HD-MAP application at t = 10 min, 30 min, 48 h, and 7 days. At all sites, TEWL (barrier damage), dielectric permittivity (superficial water);, and erythema measurements rapidly increased after HD-MAP application. After 7 days, the mean measures had recovered toward pre-application values. The fact that the degree and chronology of skin reactivity and recovery after HD-MAP was similar in elderly skin to that previously reported in younger adults suggests that the reactivity basis for physical immune enhancement observed in younger adults will also be achievable in the older population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10040583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,10]],"date-time":"2022-04-10T06:02:54Z","timestamp":1649570574000},"page":"583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Local Response and Barrier Recovery in Elderly Skin Following the Application of High-Density Microarray Patches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4245-7565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrik","family":"Iredahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Health Care, Region \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4375-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Building 76 Cooper Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Totte","family":"Tog\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain and Rehabilitation Center, County Council of \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Jonasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Link\u00f6ping University, 58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxxas Pty Ltd., Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris D.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joakim","family":"Henricson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Local Health Care Services in Central \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03792-w","article-title":"After the pandemic: Perspectives on the future trajectory of COVID-19","volume":"596","author":"Telenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY","volume":"584","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1259043","article-title":"Vaccine delivery systems","volume":"13","author":"Donnelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. 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