{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:10:10Z","timestamp":1763748610197,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Due to findings on adverse reactions and clinical efficacy of different vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2, the administration of vaccination regimens containing both adenoviral vector vaccines and mRNA-based vaccines has become common. Data are still needed on the direct comparison of immunogenicity for these different regimens. Methods: We compared markers for immunogenicity (anti-S1 IgG\/IgA, neutralizing antibodies, and T-cell response) with three different vaccination regimens (homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n = 103), or mixture of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 with mRNA-1273 (n = 116) or BNT162b2 (n = 105)) at two time points: the day of the second vaccination as a baseline and 14 days later. Results: All examined vaccination regimens elicited measurable immune responses that were significantly enhanced after the second dose. Homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 was markedly inferior in immunogenicity to all other examined regimens after administration of the second dose. Between the heterologous regimens, mRNA-1273 as second dose induced greater antibody responses than BNT162b2, with no difference found for neutralizing antibodies and T-cell response. Discussion: While these findings allow no prediction about clinical protection, from an immunological point of view, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 with an mRNA-based vaccine at one or both time points appears preferable to homologous vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Whether or not the demonstrated differences between the heterologous regimens are of clinical significance will be subject to further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T02:22:02Z","timestamp":1650766922000},"page":"649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differences in Immunogenicity of Three Different Homo- and Heterologous Vaccination Regimens against SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Robert Daniel Heinrich","family":"Markewitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Juhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Pauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"G\u00f6rg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Junker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Rupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein Campus L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Steinhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN AG, 23560 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Herbst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN AG, 23560 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2449-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorinja","family":"Zapf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN AG, 23560 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN AG, 23560 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Brockmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Leypoldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justina","family":"Dargvainiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Schomburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahpour Reza","family":"Sharifzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Salek Nejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus-Peter","family":"Wandinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0919-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malte","family":"Ziemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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