{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:31:28Z","timestamp":1790832688430,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2020-899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2020-899"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The seasonal flu vaccine is, essentially, the only known way to prevent influenza epidemics. However, this approach has limited efficacy due to the high diversity of influenza viruses. Several techniques could potentially overcome this obstacle. A recent first-in-human study of a chimeric hemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine demonstrated promising results. The coronavirus pandemic triggered the development of fundamentally new vaccine platforms that have demonstrated their effectiveness in humans. Currently, there are around a dozen messenger RNA and self-amplifying RNA flu vaccines in clinical or preclinical trials. However, the applicability of novel approaches for a universal influenza vaccine creation remains unclear. The current review aims to cover the current state of this problem and to suggest future directions for RNA-based flu vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T08:21:25Z","timestamp":1651652485000},"page":"709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Universal Flu mRNA Vaccine: Promises, Prospects, and Problems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0789-4601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei A.","family":"Deviatkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7706-8228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruslan A.","family":"Simonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4748-6362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kseniya A.","family":"Trutneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5780-1330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna A.","family":"Maznina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena M.","family":"Khavina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9794-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel Y.","family":"Volchkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00031-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00031-14","article-title":"Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and swine: Proposal for a new genus in the Orthomyxoviridae family","volume":"5","author":"Hause","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2017.0141","article-title":"Influenza Virus: Dealing with a Drifting and Shifting Pathogen","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"951","article-title":"Lessons From Influenza Pandemics of the Last 100 Years","volume":"70","author":"Monto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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