{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T16:43:33Z","timestamp":1785343413179,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Network of Tropical Diseases Research\u2014RICET","award":["RD16\/0027\/0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0027\/0005"]}]},{"name":"Network of Tropical Diseases Research\u2014RICET","award":["PID2019-109090RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-109090RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Network of Tropical Diseases Research\u2014RICET","award":["JAEINT_20_02108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JAEINT_20_02108"]}]},{"name":"Programa Estatal I+D+i (MINECO)","award":["RD16\/0027\/0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0027\/0005"]}]},{"name":"Programa Estatal I+D+i (MINECO)","award":["PID2019-109090RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-109090RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Programa Estatal I+D+i (MINECO)","award":["JAEINT_20_02108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JAEINT_20_02108"]}]},{"name":"Introduction to Research Fellowships","award":["RD16\/0027\/0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0027\/0005"]}]},{"name":"Introduction to Research Fellowships","award":["PID2019-109090RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-109090RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Introduction to Research Fellowships","award":["JAEINT_20_02108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JAEINT_20_02108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis is one of the deadliest parasitic diseases in the world and affects both humans and dogs. The host immune response to Leishmania infection plays a critical role in the evolution of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and consequently in the manifestation of clinical signs. The asymptomatic form of the disease is a major concern in the diagnosis of CVL and in the transmission control of Leishmania infection. Asymptomatic dogs are found in large proportions in endemic areas and are an unquantifiable source of infection. The present review analyzes the possible relationship between the activation of the antigen-specific immune response of the host and resistance or susceptibility to CVL. The review focuses on works that address the characterization of the humoral and cellular immune response profile, at both the functional and phenotypic levels, in infected dogs. Most studies relate the absence of clinical symptomatology to an increased proliferative response and a Th1 cytokine profile. Despite the numerous findings pointing to a differential immune response in asymptomatic dogs, the contradictory results reported in this review highlight the importance of establishing a precise clinical classification of the disease, performing more longitudinal studies, and including a higher number of animals in trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10060947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1655257194000},"page":"947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Humoral and Cellular Immune Response in Asymptomatic Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Garc\u00eda-Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Parasitolog\u00eda y Biomedicina L\u00f3pez Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Egui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Parasitolog\u00eda y Biomedicina L\u00f3pez Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Carmen","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Parasitolog\u00eda y Biomedicina L\u00f3pez Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel Carlos","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Parasitolog\u00eda y Biomedicina L\u00f3pez Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201600055X","article-title":"Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis","volume":"144","author":"Hosein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296893","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3296893","article-title":"Canine Leishmaniasis: An Overview of the Current Status and Strategies for Control","volume":"2018","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res. 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