{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:40:57Z","timestamp":1790912457509,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["1R15AI133473-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R15AI133473-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of drug-resistant gonorrhea infections worldwide combined with the lack of a vaccine is alarming. We prepared a novel microparticulate (MP) vaccine formulation using whole-cell inactivated Neisseria gonorrhoeae as the vaccine antigen, with Alum and AddaVax\u2122 as vaccine adjuvants. The adjuvanted vaccine MP formulation was assessed for in vitro immunostimulatory activity, autophagy, and antigen presentation ability. The data shows that the adjuvanted gonococci vaccine MP enhanced autophagy induction in antigen presenting cells (APCs) compared to gonococci vaccine MP without adjuvants, which is important for enhancing antigen presentation. In addition, the adjuvanted vaccine formulation increased the surface expression of antigen presenting molecules MHCI and MHCII as well as co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 on the surface of dendritic cells. In addition, the gonococci vaccine microparticles at lower doses did not significantly increase the expression of the death receptor CD95 in APCs, which when elevated leads to suboptimal antigen presentation and reduced immune responses. The adjuvanted whole-cell inactivated gonococci microparticle vaccine formulation enhanced antigen uptake, processing, and antigen presentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10070983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1655949587000},"page":"983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Assessment of In Vitro Immunostimulatory Activity of an Adjuvanted Whole-Cell Inactivated Neisseria gonorrhoeae Microparticle Vaccine Formulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyal","family":"Bagwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotika","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikhav P.","family":"Gala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer USA, Center Mid-Atlantic, Biotechnology Division, 9, Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"D\u2018Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7487-8770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susu M.","family":"Zughaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2731, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, December 15). Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"CDC (2021, May 18). STI Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost Estimates Infographic, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/statistics\/prevalence-2020-at-a-glance.htm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00038-14","article-title":"Importance of Multidrug Efflux Pumps in the Antimicrobial Resistance Property of Clinical Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"58","author":"Golparian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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