{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T02:46:08Z","timestamp":1774579568137,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: This study aims to analyze and characterize anthrax vaccine-related research, key developments, global research trends, and mapping of published scientific research articles during the last three decades (1991\u20132021). Methods: A bibliometric and visualized study was conducted. The Web of Science Core Collection database (WoSCC) was searched using relevant keywords (\u201cAnthrax\u201d OR \u201cAnthrax bacterium\u201d OR \u201cBacillus anthracis\u201d OR \u201cBacteridium anthracis\u201d OR \u201cBacillus cereus var. Anthracis\u201d (Topic)) AND (\u201cVaccine\u201d OR \u201cVaccines\u201d OR \u201cImmunization\u201d OR \u201cImmunisation\u201d OR \u201cImmunizations\u201d OR \u201cImmunisations\u201d (Topic)) with specific restrictions. The data was analyzed and plotted by using different bibliometric software and tools (HistCiteTM software, version 12.3.17, Bibliometrix: An R-tool version 3.2.1, and VOSviewer software, version 1.6.17). Results: The initial search yielded 1750 documents. After screening the titles and abstracts of the published studies, a total of 1090 articles published from 1991 to 2021 were included in the final analysis. These articles were published in 334 journals and were authored by 4567 authors from 64 countries with a collaboration index of 4.32. The annual scientific production growth rate was found to be 9.68%. The analyzed articles were cited 31335 times. The most productive year was 2006 (n = 77, 7.06%), while the most cited year was 2007 (2561 citations). The leading authors and journals in anthrax research were Rakesh Bhatnagar from Jawaharlal Nehru University, India (n = 35, 3.21%), and Vaccine (n = 1830, 16.51%), while the most cited author and journal were Arthur M. Friedlander from the United States Department of Defense (n = 2762), and Vaccine (n = 5696), respectively. The most studied recent research trend topics were lethal, double-blind, epidemiology, B surface antigen, disease, and toxin. The United States of America (USA) was the most dominant country in terms of publications, citations, corresponding author country, and global collaboration in anthrax vaccine research. The USA had the strongest collaboration with the United Kingdom (UK), China, Canada, Germany, and France. Conclusion: This is the first bibliometric study that provides a comprehensive historical overview of scientific studies. From 2006 to 2008, more than 20% of the total articles were published; however, a decrease was observed since 2013 in anthrax vaccine research. The developed countries made significant contributions to anthrax vaccine-related research, especially the USA. Among the top 10 leading authors, six authors are from the USA. The majority of the top leading institutions are also from the USA. About 90% of the total studies were funded by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), USA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T22:43:00Z","timestamp":1656024180000},"page":"1007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization Mapping of Anthrax Vaccine Publications from 1991 through 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8793-273X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tauseef","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0058-2031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukhtiar","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 25289, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahar Shafik","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 25289, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1314-8031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husam","family":"Malibary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 25289, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shabir","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, P.O. Box 20, Charsadda 24420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9619-617X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Majid","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, P.O. Box 20, Charsadda 24420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8855-5320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad T.","family":"Al Bataineh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Emirates Bio-Research Center, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7804-8050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basem","family":"Al-Omari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"K.U. Research and Data Intelligence Support Center (RDISC) AW 8474000331, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(91)90237-Z","article-title":"Anthrax vaccines: Past, present, and future","volume":"9","author":"Turnbull","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Organisation for Animal Health (2008). Anthrax in Humans and Animals, World Health Organization. [4th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/97503."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12420","article-title":"Spores and soil from six sides: Interdisciplinarity and the environmental biology of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)","volume":"93","author":"Carlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. 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