{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:13:36Z","timestamp":1773213216752,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taif University","award":["TURSP-2020\/127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP-2020\/127"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Higher expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) in addition to neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) can lead to a cytokine storm which is correlated to higher mortality rate and contributes to the progression of renal diseases and the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) in COVID-19 patients. Aim: We herein sought to examine correlations between cytokine levels, ACE-2 and NRP-1 expression, renal function biomarkers, and cardiac enzymes in COVID-19 patients. Patients and Methods: For the study, 50 healthy subjects and 100 COVID-19 patients were enrolled. Then, confirmed cases of COVID-19 were divided into two groups\u2014those with moderate infection and those with severe infection\u2014and compared to healthy controls. Serum creatinine, urea, CK-MB, LDH, troponin I, IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and INF-\u03b3 levels were estimated. We also studied the gene expression for ACE-2 and NRP-1 in blood samples utilizing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: All COVID-19 patients demonstrated a significant increase in the levels of serum creatinine, urea, CK-MB, LDH, and troponin I, as well as examined cytokines compared to the healthy controls. Furthermore, ACE-2 mRNA and NRP-1 mRNA expression levels demonstrated a significant increase in both severe and moderate COVID-19 patient groups. In the severe group, serum creatinine and urea levels were positively correlated with IL-10, INF-\u03b3, NRP-1, and ACE-2 expression levels. Moreover, LDH was positively correlated with all the examined cytokine, NRP-1, and ACE-2 expression levels. Conclusion: Deficits in renal and cardiac functions might be attributable to cytokine storm resulting from the higher expression of ACE-2 and NRP-1 in cases of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T01:38:48Z","timestamp":1656553128000},"page":"1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Associations between Cytokine Levels, Kidney and Heart Function Biomarkers, and Expression Levels of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 and Neuropilin-1 in COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4838-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabab Hussain","family":"Sultan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maged","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2998-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amr E.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4081-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hebatallah Hany","family":"Assal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basem H.","family":"Elesawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osama M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, March 03). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, 2020. Available online: https:\/\/COVID19.who.int\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309485","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4309485","article-title":"Cytokines as Biomarkers and Their Respective Clinical Cutoff Levels","volume":"2017","author":"Monastero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. 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