{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:53:32Z","timestamp":1791075212808,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the remarkable success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the rise of variants, some of which are more resistant to the effects of vaccination, highlights the potential need for additional COVID-19 vaccines. We used the Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (MAPS) technology, in which proteins are presented on a polysaccharide polymer to induce antibody, Th1, Th17 and CD8+ T cell responses, to engineer a novel vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2. This vaccine contains a fragment of the spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) sequence of the original D614G strain and was used to immunize nonhuman primates (NHP) for assessment of immunological responses and protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. The SARS-CoV-2 MAPS vaccine generated robust neutralizing antibodies as well as Th1, Th17 and cytotoxic CD8 T-cell responses in NHPs. Furthermore, MAPS-immunized NHPs had significantly lower viral loads in the nasopharynx and lung compared to control animals. Taken together, these findings support the use of the MAPS platform to make a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The nature of the platform also could enable its use for the inclusion of different variants in a single vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T23:38:55Z","timestamp":1656977935000},"page":"1069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Preclinical Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (MAPSTM) SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1169-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Cieslewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Makrinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3715-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dara","family":"Bree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2063-0574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renuka","family":"Haridas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Tonkiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannic","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galit","family":"Alter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8688-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7403-0574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilles","family":"Besin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2112981","article-title":"Resurgence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Highly Vaccinated Health System Workforce","volume":"385","author":"Keehner","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. 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