{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:43:48Z","timestamp":1792122228906,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"RSCF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-75-30003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-75-30003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JSC BIOCAD","award":["21-75-30003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-75-30003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic emerged in 2020 and has caused an unprecedented burden to all countries in the world. SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate and antigenically evolve, enabling multiple reinfections. To address the issue of the virus antigenic variability, T cell-based vaccines are being developed, which are directed to more conserved viral epitopes. We used live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) virus vector to generate recombinant influenza viruses expressing various T-cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 from either neuraminidase (NA) or non-structural (NS1) genes, via the P2A self-cleavage site. Intranasal immunization of human leukocyte antigen-A*0201 (HLA-A2.1) transgenic mice with these recombinant viruses did not result in significant SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses, due to the immunodominance of NP366 influenza T-cell epitope. However, side-by-side stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of COVID-19 convalescents with recombinant viruses and LAIV vector demonstrated activation of memory T cells in samples stimulated with LAIV\/SARS-CoV-2, but not LAIV alone. Hamsters immunized with a selected LAIV\/SARS-CoV-2 prototype were protected against challenge with influenza virus and a high dose of SARS-CoV-2 of Wuhan and Delta lineages, which was confirmed by reduced weight loss, milder clinical symptoms and less pronounced histopathological signs of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs, compared to LAIV- and mock-immunized animals. Overall, LAIV is a promising platform for the development of a bivalent vaccine against influenza and SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:19:21Z","timestamp":1658189961000},"page":"1142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Development of a T Cell-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Using a Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Viral Vector"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2801-1508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Isakova-Sivak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8670-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Stepanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Matyushenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6793-8341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei","family":"Niskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint-Stock Company \u00abBIOCAD\u00bb (JSC \u00abBIOCAD\u00bb) Saint Petersburg, The Settlement of Strelna, 38 Svyazi Str., 198515 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6922-7682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Mezhenskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Bazhenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Krutikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Kotomina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Prokopenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Neterebskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint-Stock Company \u00abBIOCAD\u00bb (JSC \u00abBIOCAD\u00bb) Saint Petersburg, The Settlement of Strelna, 38 Svyazi Str., 198515 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Doronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint-Stock Company \u00abBIOCAD\u00bb (JSC \u00abBIOCAD\u00bb) Saint Petersburg, The Settlement of Strelna, 38 Svyazi Str., 198515 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Vinogradova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint-Stock Company \u00abBIOCAD\u00bb (JSC \u00abBIOCAD\u00bb) Saint Petersburg, The Settlement of Strelna, 38 Svyazi Str., 198515 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7000-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill","family":"Yakovlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4064-5033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"Sivak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Rudenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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