{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T15:56:41Z","timestamp":1789228601168,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10032197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10032197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10025236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10025236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014972","name":"Egg Farmers of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10032197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10032197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014972","name":"Egg Farmers of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10025236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10025236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education of the Arab Republic of Egypt","award":["10032197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10032197"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education of the Arab Republic of Egypt","award":["10025236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10025236"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination is the most important way to control infectious bronchitis (IB) in chickens. Since the end of 2015, the Delmarva (DMV)\/1639 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has caused significant damage to the layer flocks in Eastern Canada. The efficacy of a combination of existing IB vaccines licensed in Canada was assessed against experimental challenge with this IBV strain. The layer pullets were vaccinated during the rearing phase with live attenuated IB vaccines of Massachusetts (Mass) + Connecticut (Conn) types followed by an inactivated IB vaccine of Mass + Arkansas (Ark) types and then challenged with the Canadian IBV DMV\/1639 strain at 30 weeks of age. Protection was evaluated based on the egg laying performance, immune responses, viral shedding, and viral genome loads and lesions in IBV target organs. The vaccinated challenged hens were protected from the drop in egg production observed in the non-vaccinated challenged hens. Early (5 dpi) anamnestic serum antibody response was measured in the vaccinated challenged hens as well as a significant level of antibodies was detected in the oviduct washes (14 dpi). In contrast, hens in the non-vaccinated challenged group showed delayed (12 dpi) and significantly lower serum antibody response. Viral RNA loads were reduced in the respiratory, alimentary, and reproductive tissues of the vaccinated challenged hens compared to the non-vaccinated challenged hens. Compared to the control groups, the vaccinated challenged hens had less marked microscopic lesions in the trachea, kidney, magnum, and uterus. Our experimental model demonstrated inconclusive results for cell-mediated immune responses and viral shedding. Overall, the vaccination program used in this study minimized viral replication and histopathological changes in most IBV target organs and protected challenged hens against drop in egg production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10081194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T01:41:16Z","timestamp":1659058876000},"page":"1194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Efficacy of Commercial Infectious Bronchitis Vaccines against Canadian Delmarva (DMV\/1639) Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection in Layers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7424-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed S. H.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina M.","family":"Buharideen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8662-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9767-8341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahnas M.","family":"Najimudeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayna","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1472-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla S.","family":"Coffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8200-3584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan C.","family":"Cork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Faizal","family":"Abdul-Careem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006055","article-title":"Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"38","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. 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