{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:55:25Z","timestamp":1776228925498,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Research Agency, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain","award":["RD16\/0027\/0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0027\/0018"]}]},{"name":"State Research Agency, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain","award":["PI19\/01727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/01727"]}]},{"name":"State Research Agency, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain","award":["RTI2018-099474-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099474-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"State Research Agency, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain","award":["PID2019-105713GB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105713GB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"State Research Agency, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain","award":["PROMETEO\/2020\/071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROMETEO\/2020\/071"]}]},{"name":"Department of Education, Culture and Sports, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain","award":["RD16\/0027\/0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0027\/0018"]}]},{"name":"Department of Education, Culture and Sports, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain","award":["PI19\/01727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/01727"]}]},{"name":"Department of Education, Culture and Sports, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain","award":["RTI2018-099474-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099474-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Department of Education, Culture and Sports, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain","award":["PID2019-105713GB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105713GB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Department of Education, Culture and Sports, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain","award":["PROMETEO\/2020\/071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROMETEO\/2020\/071"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Strongyloidiasis, caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, is a neglected parasitic disease that represents a serious public health problem. In immunocompromised patients, this parasitosis can result in hyperinfection or disseminated disease with high levels of mortality. In previous studies, the mRNAs encoding for the 14-3-3 and major antigen proteins were found to be expressed at high levels in S. stercoralis L3 larvae, suggesting potential key roles in parasite-host interactions. We have produced them as recombinant proteins (rSs14-3-3 and rSsMA) in a bacterial protein expression system. The serum levels of anti-rSs14-3-3 and anti-rSsMA IgGs are increased upon infection with S. venezuelensis, validating the use of the mouse model since the native 14-3-3 and MA proteins induce an immune response. Each recombinant protein was formulated in the adjuvant adaptation (ADAD) vaccination system and injected twice, subcutaneously, in CD1 mice that were experimentally infected with 3000 S. venezuelensis L3 to evaluate their protective and immunomodulatory activity. Our results, including the number of parthenogenetic females, number of eggs in stool samples and the analysis of the splenic and intestinal indexes, show that the vaccines did not protect against infection. The immunization with rSs14-3-3 induced changes in the cytokine profile in mice, producing higher expression of IL-10, TGF-\u03b2, IL-13 and TNF-\u03b1 in the spleen, suggesting a Th2\/Treg-type response with an increase in TNF-\u03b1 levels, confirming its role as an immunomodulator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10081292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T09:47:06Z","timestamp":1660124826000},"page":"1292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effect of the Recombinant 14-3-3 and Major Antigen Proteins of Strongyloides stercoralis against an Infection by S. venezuelensis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Liz","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Palencia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c0rea de Parasitologia, Departament Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica i Parasitologia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5977-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Trelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c0rea de Parasitologia, Departament Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica i Parasitologia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica Cl\u00ednica, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ab\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales (e-INTRO), IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, M\u00e9ndez Nieto s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Galiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c0rea de Parasitologia, Departament Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica i Parasitologia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales (e-INTRO), IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, M\u00e9ndez Nieto s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"del Olmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas: Qu\u00edmica Farmac\u00e9utica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, IBSAL CIETUS, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0244-4740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales (e-INTRO), IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, M\u00e9ndez Nieto s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0004-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Marcilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c0rea de Parasitologia, Departament Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica i Parasitologia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica Cl\u00ednica, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, June 01). 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